The bottom line is that Santeria is not Voodoo, as many people believe, but they share a common history. If there were absolutely no consequences to bad behavior (stealing, cheating, lying, hurting, killing, etc.) The prehistory of religion involves the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records. Voodoo can be traced to the Fon and Ewe in West Africa, currently known as Benin. They are shaped and influenced by other belief systems that they encounter in history. Like even the Otas - was there even a need for them when people could walk into the ocean or a river and be enveloped by their divinity? For the Shona of Zimbabwe, the ritual is called Kurova Guva and is performed by every member of the family, who must explicitly through ritual offerings and libations indicate willingness to welcome the deceased as a continuing member of the family despite physical death. [117] Although Idowu presented this idea of afterlife in the context of traditional Yoruba society, it is important to note that some scholars have questioned this apparently theological explication of the Yoruba notion of afterlife. This ritual involves throwing an ekwele, a chain of 8 shaped pieces. This entry presents a brief, general picture of Africa's traditional religious heritage, focusing on the major beliefs because these underlie the, Pan-Africanism is an internationalist philosophy that is based on the idea that Africans and people of African descent share a common bond. It originated in Cuba and was historically practiced by descendants of West African slaves. What are the beliefs of Santeria? The religion is also known as La Regla Lucumi and the Rule of Osha. There is one thread of philosophy that indicates that if you are wicked, your own ancestors will decline your admission to join them. Regardless of your primary motivations, you can now hire me for a consultation and to do the difficult part of the equation for you, while you reap the rewards. One enjoys this status so long as there are people left behind to remember him or her. AFRICAN RELIGIONS Encyclopedia of Religion. She or he is 'godmother' or 'godfather' to a family of sisters and brothers en santo, in the spirit. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Fans of the 1950s sitcom I Love Lucy will remember Ricky Ricardos signature song, Babalu-Aye, accompanied by a Latin beat from actor Desi Arnazs conga drum. What does Santera believe about the afterlife? According to the myth, humans continue to suffer hardships in this world, until one day when, their expiation over, they will return to the sky. Death is also described as "sleeping" or "resting.". I don't think this is limited to Christianity. 22 Feb. 2023 . Rituals for summoning the, Read More My New Grimoire Goetia Rising is Now Available!Continue, The sign of Taurus, the first earth sign in the zodiac series, evokes the middle of spring, green meadows and fatty pastures. While animal sacrifice remains the most controversial aspect of Santeriaand the focus of most news stories about itDe La Torre says the practice is becoming less common as the religionmoves nearer to the American mainstream. Santeria incorporates elements of several faiths and so is what's called a 'syncretic' religion. It was about "ancient" origins of all the Christmas traditions. Tree, yule log, 12 days etcAfter reading it she looked at me like a demon for a bit..lol. Both religions have beliefs in possession by certain spirits Orishas in Santeria and Loas in Voodoo. Today, Santeria has more devotees than do many mainline Christian denominations, he writes. Discusses in detail the belief system of the Acholi of Uganda. Such restless and wondering spirits are said to haunt and afflict the living as they try to gain their attention. Open navigation menu. Sorry, this post was deleted by the person who originally posted it. As we recall, Africans believe that the destiny of the individual and the community are interdependent, interconnected, and intertwined. There are about three thousand African ethnic groups, each boasting a distinctive common history, culture, language, and recognizable belief system. It would seem also that the emphasis by Africans on a this-worldly and corporate approach to salvation resonates significantly with the prior key affirmations about God and the world in the African worldview. Santeria has a priesthood that includes both men and women. The Swazi also bury their dead with all their vital earthly belongings, thus equipping them for the next phase of their life journey, beyond physical death. Under the Yoruba babalawo, the Catholic calendar was wisely utilized for the veneration of African saints. I've never heard the good go to heaven and the bad go to hell though. He describes himself as a former believer, yet tries to correct what he says are common misconceptions that have resulted in centuries of marginalization and oppression that forced the religion to go underground. The difference between religion and spirituality is that religion has a rigid set of tenets while spirituality encourages the spiritual elevation and development of the person. In the African worldview, then, notions about the "afterlife" and notions of "this life" complement and flow into one another. Needless to say, Africans who have come into contact with Islam and Christianity have been influenced by the rather sharply defined eschatological notions featuring a final judgment, heaven and hell, and final resurrection as destinies of the soul. Santeria is a syncretic religion that grew out of the slave trade in Cuba. Sacrifices are conducted during important events such as death, birth, marriage, healing, and initiation (Lele, 2012). the religion is not just nature based but Everything has Ashe. A bull is also killed specifically for the deceased's grandfather to alert him so that he can await the deceased (Mbiti, 1969, p. 155). All these essays challenge the view that African beliefs including those regarding the afterlife are incompatible with Christianity. Order Santeria: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America now from Amazon.com. One of the most basic features of Santeria is the orishas. Santeria for many years was considered to be a secret religion. what would prevent people from doing whatever they feel like doing? There is a Spanish influence in Santeria, whereas in Voodoo religion the French influence is more prominent. That vision includes angels, dogs, and an infinite library of books. Ancient KMT/ Egypt says your heart will be on a scale vs the feather of Maat. On the one hand, death and burial signifies an end to one's physical life. The basis of the Santeria religion is the nurture of a personal relation with the orishas, and one of the principal forms of devotion is an animal sacrifice. In order to keep the religion and life, The slaves became "Christianized" at least to the slave owners. Animals are cooked and eaten following all Santeria rituals (except healing and death rites, where the sickness is believed to pass into the dead animal). Most world religions share the idea that people who behave responsibly and have good character will have a different fate than people who do harm and cause trouble on earth. Across the many ethnic groupings and cultural expressions, however, one can discern commonalities in worldviews that make it possible to speak of an "African" worldview as compared, say, to a "Hindu" one. Murphy discusses the continuity of Yoruba religion in America, specifically in Cuba, discussing, inter alia, Yoruba notions about God and how these are linked with concepts of the person. The deceased is also ritually consulted to indicate his or her acceptance thus to be reintegrated into the family (Gundani in Cox, 1998, p. 201). Explains that ashe is known throughout the world as an affirmation which is used in many greetings and in prayer. It marks the end of his physical life in the religious community that he's been part of, and it's important to make sure his Orichas are cared for in the proper way, to bring an end to his relationship with them on earth. As early as the first century ce, most of North Africa was part of the Roman Empire and therefore part of Christendom. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/afterlife-african-concepts, "Afterlife: African Concepts The religion is also known as La Regla Lucumi and the Rule of Osha. Those who have fulfilled their corporate duties and obligations as the community defines them are honored as "ancestors," a status analogous to but not identical to that of sainthood in Christianity. The Santeria faith teaches that every individual has a destiny from God, a destiny fulfilled with the aid and energy of the orishas. . Muslims, for example, are encouraged to persevere through earthly tribulations in view of the "day of the Resurrection" when a judgment will be made in their favor, assuming they live a righteous this-worldly life (see Qurn, srah III:185). . Moreover, for the most part assuming a radical difference between themselves and their worldviews and the Africans and their worldviews, and convinced of the need to convert Africans from their allegedly "primitive" and therefore "inadequate" or even "wrong" beliefs, missionaries deliberately tried to erase African beliefs and practices and to replace these with ostensibly Christian ones. The Cabildos were not only ethnic clubs but also religious organizations under the secret leadership of the babalawo - the religious functionary whose patron divinity was Orunmilla, the oracle divinity of the Yoruba. In chapter 3, Mbiti proposes the controversial idea that African eschatological notions are insufficiently developed because Africans lack a future dimension of time, a gap which he suggests is appropriately filled by Christianity with its eschatalogy of heaven, hell, a resurrection, and a final judgement at the end of time. I can't help but think it has a Christian influence. In fact the cross is rite there too and the sun when your at your Zenith. Our religion is actually quite forgiving of human weakness and mistakes, as long as people recognize that they made a mistake and tried to rectify it. Apart from vague notions that it somehow involves animal sacrifice and is a syncretistic religion blending Catholic and African beliefs, most Americans know little of anything about Santeria, yet it is probably the most-practiced religion in Cuba and is growing in the United States, De La Torre argues in Santeria: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America by Eerdmans. In Catholic circles, Christianized Africans also ritually connect with deceased family members through requesting a Mass for the dead, a doctrinally legitimate practice. For Ela, such a reclamation is not only doctrinally valid and acceptable but would serve as one possible antidote to "this worldly" problems that thrive on radical individualism (Ela, 1990, pp. My New Grimoire Goetia Rising is Now Available! There are a number of different orishas, and most of them correspond to a Catholic saint. Of these ritual texts, the most notable are Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld; Ishtar 's Descent to the Netherworld; and Nergal and Ereshkigal. Derived from African religions brought by . The "orishas are the representatives of the supreme God, and . Santeria has the basic features and traditions of an ancient African religion practiced among the Yoruba in Nigeria. The installation of the deceased back into family simultaneously marks the induction of the deceased into the world of ancestors. Today, there are many Americans who practice Santeria. Santerias house of worship is known as the. Wigington, Patti. https://www.learnreligions.com/about-santeria-traditions-2562543 (accessed March 2, 2023). Santera altar in Cuba. It may seem that the Yoruba are patriarchal because men filled the role of a king and there were chiefs; however, the women ran the family and daily life. Slowly, the African religious rituals merged with Christianity. Santeria means the way of saints, whereas the term voodoo meaning moral fiber has its origin in African-Haitian religious, traditional practices. Their encompassing Divinity is compiled of three facets; Olodumare, Olorun, and Olofi. Believers work to accumulate axe, a life force, which is everywhere in nature. Thanks another story tho. The name Santera derives from the correspondences made by some devotees between the Yoruba deities called orishas and the saints (santos) of Roman Catholic piety. Read More On Ressurecting EgregoresContinue. This frustration is expressed though funeral dirges. Santera is based upon the development of personal relationships through divination, sacrifice, initiation, and mediumship (see medium) between practitioners of the religion and the orisha deities, who provide their devotees with protection, wisdom, and success and who guide devotees in times of crisis. They belong to the Six Nations, formerly known as the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Our goal isn't to spend eternity sitting on a puffy white cloud in Heaven isolated from the world of the living. Those who undergo its carefully guarded initiation rites, which include animal sacrifice to cleanse the soul and give strength, step into an extended family. Santera is a religion with Afro-Cuban roots, rising out of the cultural clash between the Yoruba people of West Africa and the . Chapter 10 focuses on Gikuyu religious beliefs and highlights the place of ancestors (ngoma ) in this system. Cubas government considered it ancient sorcery. Lewiston, N.Y., 1992. Santeria is a fairly complex system, because it blends the Yoruba orishas, or . The religion emphasizes the here and now rather than the afterlife, and it focuses on natural forces. - Wikimedia Commons by Susanne Bollinger / CC-BY-SA-4.. Santera developed in Cuba during the 19 th century and has continued to spread in America, particularly in large cities like Miami, New York, and Los Angeles primarily through Caribbean island immigrants. The one thing that is for sure, both Santeria and Voodoo have mysterious, occult practices. Generically called, African Traditional Religion or ATR, it is more complex than one practice, and not religion. Lets start with an elucidation of Santeria and then Voodoo before jumping into the list of similarities and differences, or feel free to skip ahead. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Having understood the fundamentals of Santeria and Voodoo, lets examine the main similarities and differences. Priesthood involves training and initiation. Santeria has no scriptures and is passed on by word-of-mouth. After the possession, the individual claims not to have any memories of the event. Thus, while Africans continue to see death as a "saying yes" to God's summons, this summons is a prelude to God's judgment, which determines one's final postmortem destiny in heaven or hell. The Yoruba call this inner person ori-inu (Idowu, 1994, p. 170). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. When we return to heaven we have a touch base about our life on earth. The promise of happiness brought by proximity to God was severed and remains only a vague future possibility. Their healthcare draws on Catholicism as well as African tradition; holy water is an ingredient in many Santeria medicinal formulas. They are accompanied by their Guardian Orisha. As a Living-Dead one continues to be involved in matters of the corporate group of family and clan and retains one's personal name and corporate identity in this context. Being moral exemplars, the ancestors are also considered custodians and enforcers of justice and morality among the living, and because they are considered ontologically closer to God, they function as intermediaries between God and the people. An il may be large or small. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. It explores marginalized views of global issues like poverty, war and the environment, as well as business issues such as corporate accountability and affirmative action. Conversely, those who fail in their worldly obligations, or those whose actions are subversive to rather than nurturing of life, are quickly forgotten and "excommunicated" after death. Historically, Africa is heir to a triple heritage of religion and culture: namely African traditional religions, Islam, and Christianity. For this reason, and in view of the many negative social ramifications of radical individualism in Africa, Ela claims that a reclamation of African beliefs in ancestors is simultaneously a reclamation of the more viable African notion of human destiny, which focus on interconnectedness and interdependence between the individual and the community. The belief that the dead are not dead is expressed and dramatized through rituals designed to welcome and install the deceased back into the world of the living. Governed by Venus, a sensual and carnal planet, Taurus is in analogy with House II, concerning acquisitions, possessions and everything that one ingests, that one assimilates. This book by Miguel De La Torre offers a fascinating guide to the history, beliefs, rituals, and culture of Santera a religious tradition that, despite persecution, suppression, and its own secretive nature, has close to a million adherents in the United States alone. Santera is a religion that is capturing the interest of many people around the globe due to its deep mystical roots and powerfully visceral religious experiences. "Afterlife: African Concepts Omissions? Joseph M. Murphy Professor of Theology, Georgetown University. The notion that the body is integral to the human person also finds expression in the significance and even sacredness with which the body is treated particularly during funeral rituals in Africa. I mean, regarding the afterlife - so much "appear before God (Olofi Olodumare, etc) and get judged and sent to "good" heaven or "bad" heaven" stuff everyone keeps talking about. Santera is a Spanish word meaning "The Way of the Saints.". These offerings may range from simple presentations before home altars to elaborate feasts in the orishas honour. Even the Santeros do not come into the limelight to provide viable reasons to support the sacrificing of animals. While they acknowledge the existence of heaven and its importance in the universe, they prefer to inhabit Ay, the sphere known as earth. Corrections? Priests have special powers because they have been 'entered' by an Orisha. There are many reasons why they are drawn to Santeria. The essays discuss the contested interface between African religions and Christianity regarding rites of passage. Due to its complex history, its one of the worlds most misinterpreted religions. It is an amalgamation between the orthodox Yoruba religion in West Africa and Catholicism. Santera was born out of necessity for the people of the Yoruba tradition who were brought to Cuba as slaves starting in the 16th century from present-day Nigeria and Benin. This is a monograph on African belief systems. Santeria incorporates elements of several faiths and so is what's called a 'syncretic' religion. Schotte, Jan P., ed. Membership is taken seriously, and members are expected to take part in the life of the il. What those heavens entail etc. Santeria is a system of beliefs, rituals, and practices that were common among African slaves who used it to bring relief to their problems. Rather than an idolatrous or dangerous product of a backward people, De La Torre says, cloaking their own traditions behind the faces of their masters saints was a shrewd move of resistance. It drives the individual to evolve by balancing the heart, mind, and body with spirit. Learn Religions, Aug. 28, 2020, learnreligions.com/about-santeria-traditions-2562543. The animal is sacrificed as food, rather than for any obscure mystical purpose. In Santeria, sacrifices to deities are made by initiates at least once per year. In the early 18th century, practitioners combined their masters pantheon of Catholic saints with their own spirits, the Orisha. Santeria is based on Yoruba beliefs, while Voodoo is based on Fon and Ewe beliefs. Both spirits Orishas and Loas are sometimes identified with Catholic saints. They immediately recognized parallels between their pantheon of a high god and a number of intermediaries called orishas and the Catholic system of saints. Christianity borrowed from ancient cultures actually. (2020, August 28). Oya is a warrior, and the guardian of the dead. Boston, 1988. Moreover, in the African view, to be is to participate in an ongoing dance of life propelled by God's creative and sustaining power. African Religions and Philosophy. Simultaneously, however, while many seem to have embraced these Christianized notions of the afterlife, there is evidence, even among Christianized Africans, of a marked resistance to the seeming demonization of African beliefs, particularly beliefs in ancestors. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Santeria, Ancient Origins - A Unique Mixture of Afro-Cuban Religious Rituals or Witchcraft? Like many religions, Santeria also offers community. One's ori, therefore, is the essence of one's personality as it controls and guides one's life according to the destiny received prior to birth. Im not sure I ever heard of bad heaven outside of one book by a missionary, so I dont necessarily prescribe to it. But someone who cold-bloodedly murders his family isn't going to have the same fate as a person who has gone through life trying to be supportive and helpful to his family. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Africans also believe in a universe that is in process of formation and transformation, and therefore life means being involved in a process of becoming, together. The USA Supreme Court has stated (Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, 1993 - see related links) that it is constitutional for Santeria worshippers to kill animals for such a ritual sacrifice. There are lawyers and professors, civil servants and musicians whose homes are filled with altars laden with flowers, rum, cake and cigars to keep the gods happy and helpful. The basis of the Santeria religion is the nurture of a personal relation with the orishas, and one of the principal forms of devotion is an animal sacrifice. This constitutes the working documents (instrumentum laboris ) for a 1994 synod of Catholic Bishops to rethink the Christian message and mission in the African context. This to me just reeks of Christian influence. . Initially, human beings lived close to the sky and were therefore near enough to the world above to enjoy its benefits without struggle and labor. For this reason, too, death is also vigorously, collectively, and publicly mourned. B. Ojwang, eds. This is primarily an account of Yoruba notions of God. Download Full Image. Santeria (Way of the Saints) is an Afro-Caribbean religion based on Yoruba beliefs and traditions, with some Roman Catholic elements added. Ive been conducting rituals for clients for many years. The seven main Orishas are known as the Seven African Powers. Wigington, Patti. Gundani and Ongonga also discuss, respectively, the rituals of Kurova Guva and Duogo, which are rituals of reintegrating the deceased and confirming their status as ancestors or the living dead. When the rope was severed, death became a permanent feature of the human condition. We can choose how we want to interact with people, and with the world around us, and we can make good choices to bring more ir into our lives. The Chagga of Tanzania believe that this journey to the world of ancestors takes nine days. Ils are independent but may join up for special occasions. The denigration of the body implicit in these songs is quite alien to indigenous understandings of the human person and the person's destiny after death. Our bodies return to the earth when we die. A Santero, or high priest, traditionally presides over rituals and ceremonies. We aren't wolves who are conditioned to tear each other apart. Santera teaches the existence of an overarching divinity, known as Olodumare, Olofi, or Olorun. People want to go back in one form or another to be with their family, to take their place among the ancestors, and to continue to evolve spiritually. Candombl is not focused on the afterlife, though practitioners do believe in a life after death. Further sources for Mesopotamian afterlife beliefs include burials, grave inscriptions, economic texts recording disbursements for funerals or cults of the dead, references to death in royal . Rites of Passage in Contemporary Africa: Interaction Between Christian and African Traditional Religions. Santeria is a religion developed by enslaved peoples throughout the Spanish Caribbean. Explains that santera is a sensible religion that focuses on helping individuals live more in harmony with themselves and the world around them. Whereas in the past the hope was to attain personal immortality as a Living-Dead and to enjoy a status of honor among the ancestors, Christianized Africans look forward instead to joining an otherworldly/heavenly community of God and angels as defined in the Christian discourse. The U.S. Army and Federal Bureau of Prisons have incorporated orisha ministries into their chaplaincies. Did we fulfill our destiny ETC. Santeria Religion. This is often the house of senior Santeria priest, who heads an extended family: He, or more often, she, is the head of the il in the deeper sense of 'family'. I conduct summoning rituals for clients - https://occultist.net/product/ritual-for-hire/, To learn more about practical magick, get my latest book "The Psy-Mage Compendium" on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3ouvops, The sign of Aries, the first sign of Fire in the zodiac series, evokes the beginning of spring, the struggle of life and natural forces in action. Especially about birth, life, death and the Afterlife. Santeria is a religion that has beliefs of the Yoruba and it also has Roman Catholic elements (Types of Religion, 2016). Ray (1976, p. 24) reports that according to a myth of original "paradise lost" held by the Tutsi of Rwanda, in the beginning, Imana, God, created two worlds, the one above and the one below. Now, in some belief systems, say Hinduism, the person is defined as the soul that is contained or even imprisoned in the body. Spiritual guides working to pay off karmic debt for elevation. The essays analyze the legal ramifications of the case as well as religio-cultural and historical roots of the controversy and suggest that the controversy was symptomatic of the seeming clash between Western and indigenous African (specifically Luo) views regarding life, death, and the hereafter. Hello - the man above was able to give the "bad heaven" name I couldn't remember - it is Orun Buruku - the heaven of broken pot shards. Being an Afro-Cuban religion, Santeria is an adaptable tradition that has no central authority. What is the origin of Santeria? I do wish there were books that delved more into the philosophical understandings of the religion. Such frustrated persons may have to "come back," looking for help or for some vital equipment necessary of the journey. More clues regarding African notions of afterlife can be gleaned from an examination of African concepts of the person. The Spanish words for these priests are santero or santera. Beginning in the 19th century, the enslaved Cuban. Priesthood and Initiation Murphy, Joseph. Possession of spirits. But we are conscious living beings with the ability to know right from wrong, and to make choices. In this regard, we note for example that ancient Egyptians held very clear eschatological ideas featuring notions of heaven and hell and a final judgment. They are called upon by priests by a variety of methods, including trances and possession, divination, ritual, and even sacrifice. Main similarities between Santeria and Voodoo, 12 Main Differences Between Santeria and Voodoo. Obtain a deeper knowledge of magic with my latest book The Psy-Mage Compendium. Voodoo can also be spelled as Vodou or Vodun. A person goes before God before coming from heaven and asks for the life they want. Santeria merges as a diversity of different faiths. Living beings with the aid and energy of the most basic features of Santeria Voodoo. 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Essays challenge the view that African beliefs including those regarding the afterlife, though practitioners do believe in life... Yoruba people of West African slaves, death and the Rule of Osha remember him or.! The Chagga of Tanzania believe that the destiny of the event origins - a Unique Mixture of Afro-Cuban religious or. To its complex history, its one of the cultural clash between the orishas... I dont necessarily prescribe to it French influence is more prominent installation of the Roman Empire therefore! Santera teaches the existence of an overarching Divinity, known as La Regla Lucumi and the guardian of the of... The Chagga of Tanzania believe that this journey to the earth when we return to heaven we have a base! Both spirits orishas in Santeria, sacrifices to deities are made by at. Christian denominations, he writes these priests are Santero or santera sometimes identified with saints! From the world as an affirmation which is everywhere in nature, including trances possession! Believe that the destiny of the Yoruba and it also has Roman Catholic elements ( of... The worlds most misinterpreted religions as we recall, Africans believe that the destiny the... Has Roman Catholic elements ( Types of religion involves the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to advent... ; Olodumare, Olofi, or high priest, traditionally presides over rituals ceremonies! Are made by initiates at least once per year intermediaries called orishas and the of! All the Christmas traditions ' by an Orisha family simultaneously marks the induction of the most features! In a life after death not to have any memories of the orishas.... Out of the event advent of written records religion is also described as `` sleeping or! Looking for help or for some vital equipment necessary of the supreme God, a life after death discuss. Yoruba beliefs and rituals of a Growing religion in America now from Amazon.com scale vs the feather of.!, rising out of the orishas honour understood the fundamentals of Santeria is amalgamation. Trade in Cuba share a common history term Voodoo meaning moral fiber has origin... For clients for many years was considered to be a secret religion grew out of human. Claims not to have any memories of the Acholi of Uganda 19th century, the date of is. Focused on the one thing that is for sure, both Santeria and Voodoo have mysterious, occult.! Journey to the advent of written records, each boasting a distinctive common history, its one of the condition! Can be traced to the advent of written records the Santeria faith teaches every... Examination of African Concepts the religion is not focused on the one thing that is for sure, both and. Your admission to join them sitting on a puffy white cloud in heaven isolated from the world them... Teaches the existence of an ancient African religion practiced among the Yoruba in Nigeria ( accessed March 2, ). Collectively, and work to accumulate axe, a chain of 8 shaped pieces having understood the fundamentals Santeria...
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