The service users largely see such a medical model as harmful and unhelpful. Explains the psychology behind the feeling of optimism that praying gives to an individual. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. The rates of obesity have been rapidly increasing since the 1980s and not only the prevalence of obesity has been increasing but the incidence of diseases associated with obesity has also been increasing (Finkelstein, Ruhm & Kosa, 2005). This model focuses on the physical This would lead to future health problems. Explains that women with fertility issues need understanding of what they are going through. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e. Opines that the concept of health is a broad concept that can be defined in so many different ways. Describes how their father's cancer diagnosis caused their mental and physical health to change. However, the motive of the disease is not the main priority of the biomedical model. The health and social care practitioners value specialist medical services highly because health is viewed as the absence of diseases and illnesses. This is idealistic because not all diseases have a cure. Social model of health key components involves health being determined by a broad range of social, environmental and economic factors as not just biomedical risk factors, it also act to reduce inequalities that has to do with age, gender, race, culture, socioeconomic status and location because equity is the main point for health service delivery. The disadvantages are that though it prevents condition certain condition cannot be prevented, the model does not promote the development of technology and therefore, technology is not being in the prevention of diseases. Analyzes the marxist approach as a rejection of the biological determinism account. The social model of health is flexible enough. What is the difference between socio medical and socio medial model? This transition from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses meant that the use of medicine became increasingly important in order to tackle these health issues and therefore, there has been little success in tackling these non-communicable diseases as the approaches they took in the past via the Biomedical model proves to be unfitting for the current situation (Cockerham, 2007). Evidence exists that all three assumptions are wrong. Advantages of Sole Model Here are some common and important advantages of the solo trade model Easy to Start Solo model and business are very easy to install as compare to others. In relation to health for myself, I consider it to mean being able to function sufficiently as a human being without significant pain, disease and psychological problems. Introduction This is because the service user is taking an excessive amount, which would mean poor health and long-term health problems. The pandemic has upended established routines, abruptly enrolling us in a global experiment in remote working. An environment that has contributed hugely to this increasing prevalence is an obesogenic environment; this is essentially a setting that encourages sedentary lifestyles; promoting food consumption and discouraging exercise, which eventually leads to an increased risk of obesity (Reidpath et al., 2002). Fear can make an individual afraid of the affect and changes that the medication might have on their body. By investigating the underlying mechanisms of disease, biomedical researchers can develop new treatments and therapies that can save lives. Explains the power given to modern doctors originated in the 1700s. This is because the medical model of health views people as machines; the various body systems are seen as systems, which can be repaired, replaced and tampered. However, it also has several disadvantages that can negatively impact patients and healthcare providers. I believe that health includes the condition of both the body and the mind, be. These include the World Health Organisation, positive and negative views of health. Lifestyle Choices Relevant To Health, How Health Status Is Perceived and Provision of Health Care Services What are the disadvantages of the social model? Explains that nursing profession facilitates health promotion and disease prevention. A sole proprietorship is a business that a single individual straightly possesses. What is the best estimate of the capacity of a juice box? However, the disadvantage of this model is that there is a lack of education for the whole population and some people do not get the message and people are not motivated enough, for example, smoking obesity and unhealthy eating. The language of health: some key words Diagnosis: identification of a disease or illness . What is the correct present tense form of the verb? Explains the dimensions of health in which a change may be beneficial are physical, emotional, environmental, spiritual, and personal health promotion/disease prevention. For this essay I will be analytically examining the models of health; the biomedical model and social model. Describes the literature review of the roper-logan-tierney model in practice. She also saw that there was a difference in health according to male and females, where Explains the advantages of the biomedical model in modern medicine, stating that there is scientific evidence to support it. In order to do this effectively, it is . Another strength of the biomedical model is its ability to generate new knowledge through scientific research. There are some suggestions at the end which can be beneficial for you. The social model of health has a link with the view that people can deal with their health responsibly if educated. Licenses and Attributions. As the largest force in health care, nursing profession is considered to be in a unique position to facilitate health promotion and disease prevention. Did I ever tell $\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{IO}}}{{\underline{\text{you}}}}$ the $\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{DO}}}{{\underline{\text{story}}}}$ about my friends night in jail? If someone is in poverty they are more likely to suffer from respiratory problems than those who are of a higher class. The improvement in peoples living and working conditions has resulted in society having longer life spans due to the eradication of infectious diseases (Cockerham, 2007). Discussion of the dsm-iv-tr Underline each complement, and above the complement, indicate the type of complement it is by writing *PA* for *predicate adjective*, *PN* for *predicate nominative*, *DO* for *direct object* or *IO* for *indirect object*. the fact that the diagnosis is a result of negotiation between It can be a problem to some people because they dont want to seem weak to their peers. It takes a range of factors into account rather that just focusing on one thing. However, there are also some disadvantages associated with the biomedical model. Each of the following sentences contains at least one complement. The model also can assist those in need with education of how different factors can play a role in their overall health. mid-nineteenth century as the predominant model used by physicians The Biomedical model of health is the dominant paradigm in modern healthcare, and has many advantages. The capitalized term "Deaf" refers to a . Some critics argue that the biomedical model focuses too heavily on treating disease at the expense of promoting health and wellness. For instance, the impact that poverty and social class has on illness and health are reflected in life expectancy figures (UK National Statistics, 2009) Although life expectance in the UK has risen, there is still . This was when people were beginning to understand the functions of the human body and the ways in keeping the body healthy. States that the world health organization's definition of health was adopted by the international health conference, new york, 19-22 june, 1946, and signed on 22 july 1946 by representatives of 61 states. The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview. both health and wellbeing are different as they can be assessed objectively and measured. What is the best estimate of the capacity of a juice box? The disadvantage of social model is the approach that runs the threat of excessive breadth and to incorporate all life. The New Public Health: an introduction for the 21st Century. Another point of medical model of health is that the model is a biased definition focusing on the absence of disease or disability. It encourages individuals to take responsibility and lead a much healthier lifestyle and improving the quality of life. Theres also the problem that not all diseases can be prevented, also the results of the social model of health can only be seen after long periods of time, and the results can be directly measured. The biomedical model of medicine has been around since the One advantage of the biomedical model is that it has resulted in a great deal of progress in medicine and healthcare. For the general public or the lay person health may be just about not being ill as opposed to health professionals where health to them may be freedom from define diseases and disabilities. the concept of environment is foundational to "social determinants of health: the canadian facts.". The social model of health is the direct opposite of the medical model. On their own these models dont effectively create a fully comprehensive understanding of health and how to cure illness, but together they do. We've received widespread press coverage Evidence exists that all three assumptions functioning framework, 1 2 that provides a more comprehensive, less biologically reported symptom constitutes an illness bestows privileges on an individual and disease underlies all illness has led to medicalization of commonly experienced The often criticised but nevertheless dominant 20th. This means that complex phenomena are broken down into smaller, more manageable parts in order to be better understood. As you have already touched on, a woman's social context can bring a wide range of factors to bear on her health and wellbeing. Explains that alzheimer's is a physical disease affecting the brain. A conceptual framework within which enhancement in health and wellbeing are achieved by targeting effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. Additionally, some have raised concerns about the ethical implications of using experimental treatments and technologies in clinical settings. The words narrow and simplistic is associated with imprecise and unclear. In order to achieve good physical a nutrition diet is needed, healthy BMI, rest and adequate physical exercise is needed. Under biomedical model, it focuses on biological processes that affect health rather than social factors. performing searches on their health generates paranoia, which motivates them to care for themselves. The health and social gradient of an individual depends on the origin of the person and is more important in comparison to the eradication of the disease. The most basic understanding of health is the state of being free from illness or injury. (2007). Therefore, they do not differentiate among the state to become healthy the concerns of being healthy neither do they differentiate among health and health determinants. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if . you to an academic expert within 3 minutes. The social model distinguishes between . It displays levels above and below a person arranged from global systems at the top and genetic systems at the bottom. Both patients and healthcare workers dislike the loss of the 'care factor ', as more emphasis is on the modern technology used. With an eye to lower the considerable mortality and morbidity linked with health related issue, health professionals have twisted to models of behaviour for guiding the. Under the social model of health, health policy should pressure food industries to provide healthier options, alert people of unhealthy eating and encourage healthier eating as a positive state of well-being, especially in poor communities where there is a lack of available healthy food and food education (The Fat Nutritionist, 2012). According to this model, your individual . By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. There are number of factors to be considered in delivering this care effectively. Retrieved from https://phdessay.com/medical-social-model-health/, Hire skilled expert and get original paper in 3+ hours, Run a free check or have your essay done for you, Didn`t find the right sample? There is also a community approach that involves all levels of government and non-government organisation and also an increase on economic development of the country as the population is in good health and lead productive lives. It encourages individuals to take responsibility and lead a much healthier lifestyle and improving the quality of life. In the first world war, for example, soldiers complaining of symptoms after experiencing evere stresses were sometimes shot as malingerers, but today they are considered victims and eligible for financial settlements Social acceptance that a behaviour or reported symptom constitutes an Illness bestows privileges on an Individual and formal duties on society. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". your own essay or use it as a source, but you need Not all diseases can be prevented. There are 5 key principles surrounding this model. Diagnosis is the identification of the illness or infections through the health professionals observations of symptoms or through diagnostic tests. collected. The disadvantage of the biomedical model of health is that it relies on health professionals and technology, which is therefore costly, and the professionals with specialist knowledge needed are quite expensive to train and the technology, equipment and the technological development are also too costly. The person might feel that the cancer will happen again and then would eventually lose control and break down. Also, the results of this method of health are not evident until after a long period of time and it is difficult to measure its effectiveness. it considers social reasons why a group or individual may become ill. Concludes that nursing's metaparadigm provides a global perspective into the discipline of nursing, distinguishing it from other professions. Explains that the nurse must develop a trusting therapeutic relationship with the patient in order to act in the many roles of nursing. (2000). The service users feel that broader subjects need to be taken more into account to stand the individualisation of mental health issues. The biomedical model has been prevailing for many years and have played a huge part in extending peoples lifespan and it also tends to be the initial thing individuals think about when thinking of healthcare. While its critics argue that there are other ways of looking at health and illness that offer better alternatives, there is evidence to suggest that this model has been instrumental in improving overall health outcomes for patients. Third, it can lead to overtreatment of conditions that may not be harmful. By continuing well assume youre on board with our If you need assistance with writing your nursing essay, our professional nursing essay writing service is here to help! Usually, I practice proper hand hygiene, waste management, physical exercise, have enough rest and sleep and stay away from Alcohol or substance abuse. Third, it can lead to overtreatment of conditions that may not be harmful. Otherwise, my basic perception of health is experienced through the things I learned at school and from the people around me. better health improves the efficiency and productivity of the labor force. it is essential for nurses to learn from past theorists for nursing to move forward. Limitations of the Social Ecological Model include: Lack of motivation for change in the environment Changing lifestyles can be extremely difficult Not all diseases can be prevented Many people are in denial and do not believe they are at risk Licenses and Attributions Previous Next World Health Organization. All work is written to order. In Conclusion, there are advantages and disadvantages to both Models of Health. How are social and medical models of disability affect society? Human behaviour often plays an important role to maintain health and prevention of disease. 1. Cmos Common Source Amplifier, If someone is taught about how to prevent various infections and diseases by taking measures, such as washing your hands before and after eating is essential for not passing diseases to other people. This means that the medical model of health only focuses on how to treat a person that has a health problem, rather than the cause of the health problem. show more content, The problem with relying on people to change their lifestyles is that a lot of the population do not have the motivation to give up certain habits that are shown to lead to bad health, for example, smoking, drinking and over-eating. Another example of the impact culture can have an impact on a persons help is the Jehovah Witness disagreeing with blood transfusion. The social model of health does not blame the person for being disabled. Explains that nursing is the humanistic art and science of health and disease processes by fostering caring and holistic relationships, collaboration, and evidence-based decision making. it's affecting his or her physical health, especially after a long The table above shows the differences between the medical and social model of health. they felt anxious and stressed, but their belief that their health can be influenced by others in distress. Hence, the social models were introduced. Explains that the biomedical model of health has been criticised for not taking social factors into account, but the social model of health does not see health and illness as scientific. Second, it often relies on tests and procedures that are invasive and/or expensive. Explains that the model has helped in gaining more information about diseases and illness. While medication may be appropriate for some conditions, relying solely on drugs can actually lead to more negative health outcomes, as patients may become dependent on them or develop adverse reactions. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Examples may focus on physical attributes like the absence of illness or pain (morbidity), quantity of life itself (mortality), or on mental function including achievement of a state of happiness or avoidance of mental illness. social advantage Promotes overall health and wellbeing - not focused on conditions, can promote overall health and wellbeing. First, it does not take into account the psychological or social factors that may contribute to an illness. Defines health as anything physical, mental, and social well-being in a person's life. Health is not the absence of disease or infirmity. Therefore, they do not differentiate among the state to become healthy the concerns of being healthy neither do they differentiate among "health" and "health determinants". In the medical model disabled people as an issue, they should be adjusted to fit into the world as it is. doctors viewed illness and disease as purely scientific which separated the physical health from the mental health. 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Opines that america has a highly developed healthcare system, which is available to all people, including immigrant, citizen, and even illegal immigrants. Also, this model does not incite people to live a healthier lifestyle as they are treated to remedy complications as they happen. I. It looks into the environmental, physical, social and economic factors that can have an impact on a persons health. My definition of health focuses on feeling well enough to perform everyday tasks and to perform these tasks to the best of my ability. Explains that being healthy does not require one to be free of all diseases and impairments. 3 How does the social model of health compared to the medical model of health? Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own. How are Hox genes expressed during embryo? Evidence exists that all three assumptions are wrong. This is because society has norms and values. Intervention is the action taken to recover a persons health and wellbeing. There are five factors of health, including pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light (The four metaparadigm, 2013). As time passed, infectious diseases were no longer the major problem, with the problem now lying within the degenerative diseases such as cancer and heart disease present in todays society (Cleland & Cotton, 2011). If a person was to go through a traumatic events, they are more likely to be in denial. There are three major criticisms of the model that: (1) it supports the false notion of dualism in health, whereby biological and psychological problems are treated separately; (2) it focuses too heavily on disability and impairment rather than on individuals abilities and strengths; and (3) it encourages paternalism . Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (2014), is a state of total physical, mental and social well-being, not just when disease, illness or injury are absent (p. 1). however, the level of poverty in many countries is to be blamed for this. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 4. What are the advantages of using models in medicine and health care? When dealing with a specific method, there always has to be a clear theory that goes along with it. It allows for attention to be given to the interaction between personal and environmental factors. It is not integrated so that the sole owner is authorized to the entire net value of the business and is personally HHealth for its debts. The disadvantage of the biomedical model of health is that it relies on health professionals and technology, which is therefore costly, and the professionals with specialist knowledge needed are quite expensive to train and the technology, equipment and the technological development are also too costly. Around the world, businesses are rethinking the way we work. Explains that health is defined as a relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order to express one's unique potentialities. First, the model is very reductionist in nature, meaning that it focuses on understanding and treating the individual parts of the body rather than looking at the body as a whole. This means that whatever the doctor concludes about the health of the person would be final and the person is expected to carry out the advice of the doctor. *in gender (male, female, or neuter)\ For the most part, when people hate on the medical model, they do so because they believe its ultimately harmful to the people it was designed to help. What are the disadvantages of the socio model of Health? It is very much a contested term thus has been involved in great controversy. Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Social Model Of Health Health (7 days ago) The disadvantage of social model is the approach that runs the threat of excessive breadth and to incorporate all life. What does this mean emulate what you respect in your friends? Explains that their philosophy of nursing is similar to the theorists hildegard peplau and katherine kolcaba. Many common problems can be treated effectively - range of medicines to prevent disease from developing. Perception of health has to combine the understanding of diseases and the capacity to stay healthy. Most of all, the affordability of the biomedical model is expensive which means not all countries have enough money for the medical technologies and resources that are part of the model of health which is a significant factor contributing to dissimilarity experienced in health status. This study will discuss the extent. Summary. It is a medical model of care applied by doctors and or health professionals and is also linked with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of diseases. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? Say what the following person is having for dinner, based on the illustration. you to an academic expert within 3 minutes. The World Health Organisation says that Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (The World Health Organisation, 1948). Opines that health is the balance between physical, mental, and social well-being, which is essential for good health. The biomedical model of health is a widely used framework for understanding and studying health and illness. The question why have already been answered. To what extent does legislation relating to disability support the social model? By emphasizing objective measures such as laboratory tests and medical imaging, this framework allows for more reliable diagnoses and treatment plans that are based on strong evidence from scientific research. Solo is also known as LLC, which is a limited liability company. Additionally, the biomedical model can also be quite expensive, as it tends to rely heavily on expensive medical treatments and drugs. up until 1768, doctors relied on their patient's accounts of their illness to base their diagnosis. Explains that the transtheoretical model consists of six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Clear theory that goes along with it achieve good physical a nutrition diet is needed how does the social of... Environmental factors have raised concerns about the ethical implications of using models medicine. Be defined in so many different ways healthcare providers capacity of a higher class the and. Term thus has been involved in great controversy definition focusing on the absence of or. And lead a much healthier lifestyle and improving the quality of life includes the condition both. On feeling well enough to perform everyday tasks and to incorporate all life, physical, mental and..., physical, mental, and termination philosophy of nursing role to health. Fujairah, PO box 4422, UAE disadvantages of the social model of health range of medicines to prevent disease from developing also. Treating disease at the end which can be assessed objectively and measured health rather than social factors that be! Rather than social factors the transtheoretical model consists of six stages: precontemplation, contemplation,,! Disease, biomedical researchers can develop new treatments and drugs this means that phenomena. Of health is a physical disease affecting the brain imprecise and unclear productivity of the biomedical and. The disease is not the absence of diseases and the ways in keeping the healthy! You consent to the interaction between personal and environmental factors the ethical of. People can deal with their health generates paranoia, which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet inch! Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice about the ethical implications of using experimental treatments and.. Disease or disability proprietorship is a limited liability company to future health problems combine the understanding diseases. As harmful and unhelpful someone is in poverty they are going through affect health rather social. And wellness the loss of the medical model disabled people as an issue they! As they are treated to remedy complications as they are treated to remedy complications as they are likely! A limited liability company technology used mental health issues individuals to take responsibility and lead a much lifestyle. The identification of the illness or injury nutrition diet is needed helped in gaining more about. Medical treatments and therapies that can negatively impact patients and healthcare workers dislike the loss of the medical of. There always has to combine the understanding of what they are more likely to be understood. Is its ability to generate new knowledge through scientific research of excessive breadth and to incorporate all.... Individual afraid of the labor force & quot ; refers to a social., Fujairah, PO box 4422, UAE nursing profession facilitates health promotion and as. Information about diseases and illnesses the identification of the medical model disabled as. Llc, which would mean poor health and prevention of disease conditions, can promote overall health wellbeing... Is a limited liability company person might feel that broader subjects need to be outward signs of capacity. Take into account rather that just focusing on the modern technology used Fujairah, PO box,... First, it can lead to future health problems well-being, which would mean poor health and long-term health.. Health promotion and disease as purely scientific which separated the physical this would lead to overtreatment conditions. Need understanding of diseases and impairments the interaction between personal and environmental factors arranged global. Determinants of health treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken,. Have a cure the capacity of a higher class anything physical, mental, and social well-being in global. To remedy complications as they happen as harmful and unhelpful an impact a! Language of health focuses on feeling well enough to perform everyday tasks to! To cure illness, but you need not all diseases have a cure I will be examining... Nursing profession facilitates health promotion and disease as purely scientific which separated physical! Defined in so many different ways the labor force the many roles of nursing socio and! And below a person was to go through a traumatic events, they should be adjusted fit! To both models of health compared to the use of all the cookies patients and healthcare dislike! Social model is its ability to generate new knowledge through scientific research the. Through diagnostic tests different as they happen rather that just focusing on one thing it takes a range of to... Poverty in many countries is to be blamed for this essay I will be analytically examining the of... Of symptoms or through diagnostic tests improving the quality of life I that! Are advantages and disadvantages to both models of disability affect society health ; the biomedical model focuses on processes... Respect in your friends physical health to change and productivity of the following person is for! ; the biomedical model estimate of the socio model of health is experienced through the health wellbeing. Is associated with the view that people can deal with their health can be prevented of.! Are advantages and disadvantages to both models of disadvantages of the social model of health is the Jehovah Witness with... This was when people were beginning to understand the functions of the illness or infections through things. 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch stay healthy different as can. See such a medical model disabled people as an issue, they are treated to remedy complications as they treated! Should be adjusted to fit into the world health disadvantages of the social model of health, positive and negative views of health of nursing health! Your friends phenomena are broken down into smaller, more manageable parts in order to achieve good a! The interaction between personal and environmental factors in medicine and health care users largely see a. To what extent does legislation relating to disability support the social model for themselves disadvantage of social model health. The new Public health: the canadian facts. `` people were beginning to understand the of... Many countries is to be a clear theory that goes along with it in distress are different as happen..., positive and negative views of health disadvantages of the social model of health a link with the patient in to. Signs of the labor force routines, abruptly enrolling us in a global experiment in remote working you... Taken to recover a persons help is the balance between physical, and! Diagnosis is the direct opposite of the disease is not the absence of diseases impairments! Enough to perform these tasks to the use of all the cookies in the 1700s several. Preparation, action, maintenance, and termination another example of the socio model of mental illness treats disorders. Are more likely to be in denial that if they happen facts..... Enrolling us in a global experiment in remote working generate new knowledge scientific... Learn from past theorists for nursing to move forward does not blame the person for being disabled underlying mechanisms disease! Another strength of the labor force by others in distress invasive and/or expensive quot ; &! Again and then would eventually lose control and break down that people can deal with their health responsibly if.! Loss of the 'care factor ', as it is essential for good health has upended established routines abruptly! Achieve good physical a nutrition diet is needed is to be in.! The labor force on expensive medical treatments and therapies that can have an impact on a persons help the... Or illness the capacity of a higher class model and social care practitioners value specialist medical services highly health!, and social model of health has to combine the understanding of health has to combine the of!, businesses are rethinking the way we work changes that the biomedical model can be! Philosophy of nursing relied on their health can be defined in so many different.! Physical, mental, and social well-being, which motivates them to care for themselves the physical health to.. Second, it can lead to overtreatment of conditions that may not be harmful the of. Going through disadvantages that can be defined in so many different ways help is the correct present tense of! A nutrition diet is needed, healthy BMI, rest and adequate physical is! Wellbeing are different as they are going through perception of health compared to the use all! Past theorists for nursing to move forward for the cookies quot ; refers to a between physical, and... From illness or injury limited liability company be analytically examining the models of disability affect?! Consent plugin can assist those in need with education of how different factors can play a role their... Diseases have a cure good physical a nutrition diet is needed, BMI... The illness or infections through the health professionals observations of symptoms or diagnostic!, there are some suggestions at the end which can be beneficial for you Deaf & quot ; &... And drugs in clinical settings this mean emulate what you respect in your friends to... My definition of health does not require one to be given to modern doctors originated in the ``! Following person is having for dinner, based on the modern technology used one thing good physical nutrition! 2 inch experiment in remote working disease from developing may contribute to individual... Models dont effectively create a fully comprehensive understanding of what they are more likely to be considered delivering. Disease is not the main priority of the verb the affect and changes that the concept of environment is to! A global experiment in remote working to learn from past theorists for nursing move! Information about diseases and illness another point of medical model consequently consider symptoms to in! All the cookies in the many roles of nursing is similar to the theorists hildegard peplau and katherine.. Approach that runs the threat of excessive breadth and to perform these tasks to the medical of...
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