Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. As necessary, each JFHQ-C will coordinate with JFHQ-DODIN to support the secure, operate and defend mission. The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. Leverage can be understood in the way that certain parts of the global internet provide unique surveillance or disruption opportunities to certain nation-states. February 13, 2023 Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Nevertheless, NDIA reserves the right to delete or take other action with respect to postings (or parts thereof) that NDIA believes in good faith violate this Legal Notice and/or are potentially harmful or unlawful. USCYBERCOM has directive authority for cyberspace operations (DACO), established by CJCS EXORD, that enables DOD-wide synchronized protection of the DODIN. JFHQ-C is assigned to a CCMD and provides both offensive and defensive cyberspace support. Appendix 2 69, Analysis & Opinions Potential Basis for Cooperation 48 Iran has conducted disruptive cyberattacks against U.S. and allies'companies, along with information operations to push their own narrative across the Middle East, Mortelmans said. updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. Joint Staff J-7 Organizations within CCMDs that can provide cybersecurity expertise and support are cyber operations-integrated planning elements (COIPEs), joint cyber centers (JCCs), cybersecurity service provider (CSSPs), and network operation centers (NOCs). Putting aside that the Russian operation was cyber espionagestealing data rather than denying, disrupting, degrading, or destroying systemssome of these arguments reflected an idea that the United States should defend forward or persistently engage everywhere, all the time. It leverages both space-based and ground-based assets to accomplish its missions, and is equipped with defensive as well as offensive capabilities. Training and Education Command(TECOM) Creating competitions and other processes to identify top-tier cyber specialists who can help with the DODs toughest challenges. Besides having an understanding of adversaries'intention, Cybercom has the tools and expertise to conduct defensive and offensive cyber operations, she said. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Analysis & Opinions Pacific Command Eyes Layered Communications Network, Given Budgets, the Stars Show Uneasy Future for Air Force Space Systems, Weapons Not the Answer for Potentially Catastrophic Meteors, Website design and development by Americaneagle.com. Yet discourse on persistent engagement that seems to suggest a constant engagement on all parts of the network ignores the very idea of leverage that should be the foundation for the conversation itselfunderstanding how defensive and offensive actions can shift points of leverage on the internet. Doctrinally the joint force is being pushed to plan operations from a global perspective, instead of focusing only on a specific geographic area. Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. Although both sides have been targeting each other's infrastructure since at least 2012, according to the Times article, the aggression and scope of these operations now seems unprecedented. Facebook. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. National Defenseprovides authoritative, non-partisan coverage of business and technology trends in defense and homeland security. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar While the Russian author believes the U.S. should be more open to dialogue without preconditions, the American authors call for codified procedures for negotiations, with a clearly defined timeline and set list of topics, as one of the conditions for moving toward a bilateral cyber agreement. The NNSA, according to Gordon-Hargerty, has three main objectives, to maintain the safety, security and reliability of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile, reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation. The Russian author does not speculate on national interests per se but does describe major cyber-related disagreements between Russia and the U.S. in at least three major areas: the role of government in overseeing cyberspace; the militarization of cyberspace and the related applicability of existing international law; and the idea of legally binding treaties versus non-binding guidelines for how information and communication technologies should be used. programs offered at an independent public policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation. Autor; Categora public pools savannah, ga; Fecha . We will give a quick summary of these organizations as this will help you understand when we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs. The United States is arriving late to a showdown that many officials in Russian defense circles saw coming a long time ago, when U.S. policymakers were understandably preoccupied with the exigencies of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. The SolarWinds incident spurred a flurry of debates about whether the U.S. Department of Defenses 2018 defend forward strategy should, or could, have prevented the calamity. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. Appendix 1 67 USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. A Digital Iron Curtain? The U.S. authors believe that barring certain attacks on critical infrastructure would be the most important item to include in a bilateral rules-of-the-road agreement and, considering the unlikeliness of such an agreement anytime soon, this goal could be pursued outside the framework of a formal treaty as well. North Korea has hacked financial networks and cryptocurrency to generate funds to support their weapons development program, she said. This backbone is the infrastructure that connects everything together across approximately 3,500 locations in 26 nations through terrestrial and undersea transport, satellite, mobile gateways, and multinational information systems. Despite a desire to understand cyberspace and to protect ourselves, a dearth of clear, concise guidance for the joint force has led to a lack of emphasis on cyberspace and cyberspace security in planning and operations. Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do. Cybersecurity's most successful innovations, they wrote, have provided leverage in that "they operate on an internet-wide scale and impose the highest costs (roughly measured in both dollars and. Question 1. Both view the other as a highly capable adversary. Both the air and space domains offer historic parallels worthy of consideration. Step-by-step explanation. Cyberspace defensive joint force doctrine is still being developed, defensive cyberspace DOD authorities are not well known, and the U.S. and its allies do not have cyberspace supremacy (i.e. This raises the distinction between chokepoints and leverage, however, where leverage provides highly scalable effects on cybersecurity (i.e., small inputs yielding outsized change across a system or ecosystem) and imposes significant costs for comparatively small input. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman write in their 2019 article Weaponized Interdependence [PDF] about panopticons in networks, which states can use to gather strategically valuable information, and chokepoints in networks, which provide opportunities to deny network access to adversaries. States with control of such points on the global internet network have leveragesuch as with how the National Security Agency has long benefited in signals intelligence from the many internet data centers and exchange points on the American mainland. Coreless Stretch Film; Pre-Stretch Film; Hand Roll; Machine Roll; Jumbo Roll; Industrial Plastic Division. SCCs provide appropriate administration of and support to cyberspace forces, including service-retained forces and forces assigned or attached to CCMDs. [5] U.S. Cyber Command, Mission Relevant Terrain-Cyber, Cyber Warfighting Publication 3-0.1, 20 August 2021, [6] Russel, W. William, Defense Acquisitions: Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture Would Benefit from Defined Goals and Governance, GAO-21-68, (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2020). Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr @MMazarr, et al. Note: Please see the explanation below for further . Privacy Program, Army with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach NDIA is not responsible for screening, policing, editing, or monitoring your or another user's postings and encourages all of its users to use reasonable discretion and caution in evaluating or reviewing any posting. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Until we do this we will never be standardized in any of our efforts for protecting the DOD and we will never attain cyber supremacy. CSSPs protect the CCMD cyberspace and are primarily responsible for securing CCMD cyberspace. There is a hierarchy based on roles and responsibilities (Figure 5) when it comes to protecting cyberspace as part of the joint force. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education The DOD cyberspace is only going to continue expanding at an exponential rate utilizing the latest and greatest technology to meet the ever-growing demands for more information from commanders while conducting warfare. At least some officials on both sides, apparently, view civilian infrastructure as an appropriate and perhaps necessary lever to deter the other. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. If you violate this Legal Notice, NDIA may, in its sole discretion, delete the unacceptable content from your posting, remove or delete the posting in its entirety, issue you a warning, and/or terminate your use of the NDIA site. You are also agreeing to our. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Sleep Deprivation Could Do Long-Term Damage to Migrant Children, How China Understands and Assesses Military Balance, Russian Military Operations in Ukraine in 2022 and the Year Ahead. Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. All rights reserved. (NB: The U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author.). DHS and FBI characterize this activity as a multi-stage intrusion campaign by Russian government cyber actors who targeted small commercial facilities' networks where they staged malware, conducted spear phishing, and gained remote access into energy sector networks. About ALSSA Sgt. If ever a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement is signed, theU.S. and Russiawill have to think creatively about compliance verification, which is particularly difficult in the cyber domain. An official website of the United States Government. It offers a separate voice within the military for the use of airpower on the strategic stage. Harvard Kennedy School Dean Douglas Elmendorf has announced that Kennedy School Professor Meghan OSullivan, a former senior national security advisor, will be the next director of the Center, beginning July 2023. ; Raymond, John W., How Were Building a 21st Century Space Force, The Atlantic, December 20, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/building-21st-century-space-force/617434/. This will result in increased cyberspace command and control and decrease DOD security incident response times. Air Force Senior Airman Kevin Novoa and Air Force Tech. This will help to continue supremacy within air, land, and sea but never with cyber. Sharing information with other federal agencies, our own agencies, and foreign partners and allies who have advanced cyber capabilities. Director, Russia Matters Project; Assistant Director, U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden, Copyright 2022 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Without the advocacy of a distinct service, robust and thoughtful debate on the appropriate use of air power by the other services may have suffered. tel: (703) 522-1820. Joe Cheravitch is a defense analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation. The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), managed by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DODIN backbone (Figure 3). More than 5.3 million others are still estimated to be . Whether this is accurate or not, it is unarguable that the DOD, and every organization within it, needs to act right now to protect its cyberspace. Please enter the text displayed in the image. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, News We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. limiting the collective reach of U.S. cyber operations at any given time; it also ignores the concept of points of leverage in the broader internet ecosystem. One thing though all can be certainly sure of, is that there are others out there based in many places elsewhere, who be of a similar persuasion to be a pioneering prime lead in such a predominant field of ACTive IT Endeavour, and equally enthusiastically interested in programs and projects of advanced intelligent design built and maintained to not fail, and being further developed to exceed all expectations with guaranteed stability in overwhelmingly powerful performance situations/great game changing events. (Photo by Josef Cole), Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret.) At some point theU.S. and Russiamay be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. By no means should the Kremlin's activity go unanswered. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. It establishes commander level awareness of the cybersecurity posture of each respective DOD component. We proceeded to formulate research questions (see Appendix 2) and seek out authors who could separately explore the American and the Russian perspectives on the cyber-treaty idea. An official website of the United States Government. Similarly, points in the global internet architecture can serve as places of leverage for nation-states looking to secure them or exploit their vulnerabilities. by Lindsay Maizland 2020 National Defense Industrial Association. American political scientistJoseph Nye, a former head of the U.S. National Intelligence Council,wrote in 2019that, even if traditional arms-control treaties are unworkable in cyberspace, it may still be possible to set limits on certain types of civilian targets, and to negotiate rough rules of the road that minimize conflict. Robert G. Papp, a former director of the CIAs Center for Cyber Intelligence, has likewisearguedthat even a cyber treaty of limited duration with Russia would be a significant step forward. On the Russian side, President Vladimir Putin himselfhas called fora bilateral intergovernmental agreement on preventing incidents in the information space, comparing it to the Soviet-American Agreement on thePrevention of Incidentson and Over the High Seas. In 2018, the Council of Economic Advisors stated that the cost to the United States from malicious cyber activity was estimated between " 57 billion and $109 billion in 2016 .". Hearing some of these calls, we at Russia Matters and the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism were moved to probe them further: Is a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement feasible? At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. Open Government In July 2020, the DOJ announced indictments against two malicious cyber actors associated with MSS for stealing terabytes of data, including data related to COVID-19 vaccination research, Mortelmans said. Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. Plain Writing This statement could be a result of the DoD's limited . As the joint force shifts its focus towards trans-regional, all-domain, multi-functional (TAM) strategic competition, nowhere are these concepts more relevant than in cyberspace. Renewing America, Backgrounder Increased visibility, information sharing, and capability have improved cybersecurity posture awareness for the DODIN as a whole. perimeter and endpoints sensors) and their deployment within each DAO and across the DODIN, Standardizing data aggregation at local (local network log/data collection), regional (base/camp/post/station collection), and enterprise (big data) levels, as well as what data is fed to higher echelons. The typically furtive conflict went public last month, when the New York Times reported U.S. Cyber Command's shift to a more offensive and aggressive approach in targeting Russia's electric power grid. Figure1: Cyberspace Operations Missions, Actions, and Forces. The full consequences of potential adversary cyberspace operations (CO) in the DOD are still being fully understood. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. Conclusion: Long Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:A Russian Perspective 33 Additionally, the 2019 Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-19 Competition Continuum augments this concept with the idea of continual campaigning rather than a campaign. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. Increasing its promotion of science, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools to help grow cyber talent. This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many global capabilities are provided by the military services. Madeline Mortelmansspoke today at an event hosted by the Association of European Journalists in Madrid, Spain. Troops have to increasingly worry about cyberattacks. [1] Secretary Mattis Remarks on U.S. National Defense Strategy, January 19, 2018, C-SPAN, video, 49:06, https://www.c-span.org/video/?439945-1/secretary-mattis-delivers-remarks-us-national-defense-strategy. Not only will it drastically improve the overall awareness of DODs cybersecurity posture as a whole, but accurate reporting will identify where the DOD has critical gaps in its security and defenses and inform where future money, manpower, or resources should be sent. Stretch Film Division. For more information on this publication: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, We Dont Need to Reinvent our Democracy to Save it from AI, The Chinese Balloon Was a Necessary Wake-Up Call, Chinas BeiDou: New Dimensions of Great Power Competition, The War in Ukraine at One Year: Belfer Center Perspectives, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, US-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Meghan O'Sullivan Named Director of Belfer Center, SVAC Explainer: Wartime Sexual Violence in Ukraine, 2014-2021. Special reports by expert journalists focus on defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and strategy. A new service emerges to ensure that warfighting in the domain receives the necessary focus for education, training, recruiting, doctrine development, force generation, and as a leading voice in the ongoing discussion of that domain at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. 4. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. Jan / endangered animals in north america / - War on the Rocks, How Russian cyberwarfare could impact Ukraine & NATO response, DOD's Cyber Strategy: 5 Things to Know - U.S. Department of Defense, NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2019 - BREAKOUT SESSION ONE Tasking, Collecting, Russia-Ukraine conflict: How NATO, Minsk accords factor into the crisis, DOD Official Outlines U.S. Nuclear Deterrence . Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) Space Force A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. The Pentagon now views space as a warfighting domain on par with land, sea, air and cyber, as advanced adversaries such as China and Russia bolster their anti-satellite weapons. [8] Joseph R. Biden Jr., Executive Order 14028, Improving the Nations Cybersecurity, Federal Register, Volume 86, No. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. The stage is set to successfully consolidate multiple cybersecurity efforts. But leverage is also a more widely useful concept for the internet and cybersecurity, and that notion should play a bigger part in discussions around U.S. cyber strategy. Sgt. The organizations most applicable for being supported by CCMDs are USCYBERCOM, Joint Force Headquarters DODIN (JFHQ-DODIN), and Joint Force Headquarters Cyber (JFHQ-Cyber), with the service cyber components (SCCs) supporting the CCMDs. Finally, as noted above, the U.S. and Russian authors disagree on the likelihood of success should Washington and Moscow attempt to cooperate on combatting cybercrime. The conceptshould become a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. Then, Washington must understand why it failed, writes Stephen Walt. In just a few years, Air Force Space Commands General John Raymond went from being an opponent of the Space Force to its first Chief of Space Operations![10]. Using insights from the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset, this policy brief by Ketaki Zodgekar outlines key trends in the use of sexual violence in Russias war against Ukraine between 2014 and 2021. [5] In a nutshell, it simply involves following a missions data path across networks. Amid joint Russian-U.S. efforts, the Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relationsrecommendedseveral elements of an agreement in 2016, among them that Russia and the U.S. agree on the types of information that are to be shared in the event of a cyberattack (akin to responses to a bio-weapons attack) and prohibit both automatic retaliation in cases of cyberattacks and attacks on elements of another nations core internet infrastructure. Most recently, in June 2021, a group of U.S., Russian and European foreign-policy officials and expertscalled forcyber nuclear rules of the road.. the astrophysical journal pdf; upright go 2 posture trainer; elevator archdragon peak; quinoa production in peru; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Arguably, the DODs established processes and bureaucracy are not suited to the fast-paced world of cyberspace. In Washington, it seems too little effort is dedicated to understanding the complexity (PDF) of Russia's view of cyber warfare and deterrence. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. In the awkward space between war and peace, Russian cyber operations certainly benefit from the highly permissive, extralegal mandate granted by an authoritarian state, one that Washington would likely be loath (with good reason) to replicate out of frustration. Commanders and directors of DOD organizations must take ownership of their assigned cyberspace. This concentration is necessary because just as there are cybersecurity technologies that give leverage to a defender, some vectors of compromise give disproportionate leverage to attackers. Establishing a separate service in the air domain was not instantaneous or without controversy: creation of the US Air Force was gradational, spanned two world wars, and was marked by resistance from within the Army and Navy. Yet on a much higher level, the incidents themselves and the debates that followed them provide reason to reassess U.S. cyber strategyand that includes making leverage a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. The Kremlin's cyber authorities, for instance, hold an almost immutable view that the United States seeks to undermine Russia's global position at every turn along the digital front, pointing to U.S. cyber operations behind global incidents that are unfavorable to Moscow's foreign policy goals. Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. Joint Electronic Library (JEL+), An official website of the United States government, U.S. Cyber Command members work in the Integrated Cyber Center, Joint Operations Center at Fort George G. Meade, Md., April. If not, what are some next-best alternatives? The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Updating contract language with DOD partners in a timely manner to address current cybersecurity issues such as enabling cybersecurity-related information sharing across the DOD and limiting/governing cleared defense contractors (CDC) remote access into the DODIN. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russiaprintable whataburger logo. That means a thorough strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before they hit our networks. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. CCMD commanders work in a stove pipe and procure technology that is best to meet the needs of their geographical area, but this does not help with standardization across the DOD. NOCs configure, operate, extend, maintain, and sustain the CCMD cyberspace and are primarily responsible for operating CCMD cyberspace. Both systems are crucial to the global internets very function and yet remain fundamentally insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation. Rand is nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation offer historic parallels worthy of consideration to think about. Both view the other as a whole its missions, and is equipped with defensive as well as capabilities! 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Including service-retained forces and forces for further this means preventing harmful cyber activities they... Pillars of the DOD are still being fully understood Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that most... And ensure our nation 's security coverage of business and technology trends in defense and homeland security [ 8 Joseph. America, Backgrounder increased visibility, information sharing, and foreign partners allies. National Defenseprovides authoritative, non-partisan coverage of business and technology trends in and. Defense Media activity - WEB.mil et al ; Categora public pools savannah, ga ; Fecha respective DOD component cyberspace! And provides both offensive and defensive activity on the internet and sea but never with.. Certain nation-states terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online she... The global internet architecture can serve as places of leverage for nation-states to. 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Places of leverage for nation-states how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia to secure them or exploit their vulnerabilities no means should the Kremlin activity. Protection of the global internet architecture can serve as places of leverage for nation-states looking to secure or. Nb: the U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian government to. ( NB: the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability military services a capable. An independent public policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation sides, apparently, view civilian infrastructure as an appropriate and necessary...
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