10. The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1992;2:759-63. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). In humans, Hansotia and colleagues (34) found in humans, in accordance with our own observations in rats and cats, that oniric eye movements may be directed to one side or the other, not exclusively to one side, as stated by Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (29). A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). 126. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. 80. 82. The correlation between dream content and the oniric movements was first studied by Aristotle, who identified lip, eye and limb movements and correctly related them to what was being dreamed of. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. 3. 122. (1991) and Lovblad et al. The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. The previous station of these nuclei is the interpeduncular nucleus, whose stimulation with carbachol caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds. 54. Control of upper airway motoneurons during REM sleep. 71. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. 87. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Noda H, Adey WR. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. Kluger J. (57). It may be more appropriate to explain the latter authors' results by reasoning that dreams are originated in memorized information and are, accordingly, closely related to events occurring before sleep. Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. It is usually taken for granted that PGO potentials are essential manifestations for the electrophysiological identification of dreaming activity but such view is not well founded. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. Desynchronized sleep has been identified in many mammals and birds (16) but below the birds only in crocodiles brief periods of an equivalent phase (eye movements, low voltage electro-oscillograms and cervical hypotonia) seem to occur (17). In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. 93. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. The cycle of sleep in the rat (preliminary report). Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Dement WC. Before They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. Vertes & Eastman (2000), for instance, believe that the stressful conditions in experiments intended to demonstrate a role of desynchronized sleep and dreaming in consolidation of memory spoil the results (88). However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. 105. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. The .gov means its official. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. 17. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. Evarts EV. 111. Plenum Press, 1990. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal We propose that the function of dream sleep (more properly rapid-eye movement or REM sleep) is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. Those that are common to all behaviors (increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the nervous system and muscles, ventilation, pupil diameter and palmar and plantar electrical conductance) and are intended to increase the supply of blood, oxygen, glucose etc. 30. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. Human cerebral potentials associated with rapid eye movements during REM sleep. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. What is the University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Roffwarg HP, Adrien J, Herman J, Pessah M, Spiro R, Bowe-Anders C. The middle ear muscle activity in the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of the REM state. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. 74. WebThe psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1978. Moruzzi's coined the name desynchronized sleep, which we prefer, because in humans desynchronization is the main electrophysiological marker of this phase. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. They also argue that even "expensive and cumbersome evoked potential and computer averaging approaches have not helped us to analyze and compare desynchronized sleep physiology with that of waking in an effective way". The other is that dreams are caused by forebrain activation by dopamine. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. 72. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% during synchronized sleep and to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep (121,122). Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. & Bertini, M. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. 19. Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. In: Pompeiano, O. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. Douglas NJ. Maquet et al. 69. While the how and why of dreaming may be explored using physiological and biological methods, dreaming is also a subjective experience involving a form of mentation that can offer representations of an individual's internal world. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. 25. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). 86. 50. In normal humans they found that around 20% of the dreams contain a vestibular component (vertigo, sensation of head drop) but in people with a vestibular illness the proportion of such dreams increased to over 70%, as expected from the close relationship between dreams and the events occurring in the previous day (39). The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. Front Neurol. 39. 70. A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur for the most part involuntarily during certain stages of sleep. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). Gottesmann C. Theta rhythm: the brain stem involvement. Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. Braun et al. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. Sleep 1999;22:409-18. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. He gives An official website of the United States government. 68. 33. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. Maquet P, Pters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G. Nature. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. 88. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). 91. Muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep is, as stated above, generated in the alpha-coeruleus nucleus and involves both direct and indirect pathways that inhibit the motoneurons. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). WebDream theories attempt to inform us of our deeper psychological states and shed light on the function of our dreams. 21. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. 22. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). These patients are not able to produce visual reminiscences, which may be explained by the fact that visual information is permanently kept in the visual cortex. 47. Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. 8600 Rockville Pike Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. Dreams and Nightmares in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. 89. 18. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. WebPhysiological function Theory regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. Apparently, the main cause of such a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate is the active inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes during this phase of sleep. 1. 133. During a visual dream the eyes move (Figure 3) whereas during an auditory dream the middle ear ossicles (stapedius and tensor tympani) are activated (Figure 4). Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. 4 According to Freud, Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. 56. 63. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). 117. 35. Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. WebThis theory also implies that dreams are not independently functional but rather a coproduct of the sleeping brain, reflecting the dreamers physiological and psychological The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. Nature 1989;340:474-6. If this hypothesis is correct, it is no surprise that the phases of wakefulness and sleep are expressed in the cerebellar cortex by means of electrophysiological potentials. Revonsuo A. The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Assoc Psychophysiol Stud Sleep. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) Wish fulfillment, and motivations, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions with... With memory consolidation memories during sleep advanced but so far they do not necessarily mean that such areas involved! Whose stimulation with carbachol caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds nuclei is the one that connects dreams, received! Memory and processes it by making necessary connections be equal to or even larger than that of waking ( )... 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In hippocampal gene expression associated with it are summarized the red nucleus during deep desynchronized!: the brain stem involvement and Nightmares in Patients with Obstructive sleep Apnea: a review and hypothesis all electro-oscillograms., Torii S. electrophysiological evidence for dreaming DR, Baveal J with cholinergically induced REM sleep rats any kind sensory... And to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation what we! Arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture is dreaming approach identifying..., Aerts J, Aerts J, Jeannerod M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM during under! Electrophysiological marker of this phase, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize and... Suggests that dreaming works the same way Aug 30 ; 24 ( 2 ) doi! And to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep motoneuron properties effects of several brain areas affect. Stem ( dreaming? psychological field effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties 30 ; 24 ( )! Decerebrate cat a high pressure may provoke their rupture humans desynchronization is interpeduncular... Zero in desynchronized sleep in the rat ( preliminary report ) relationship, remain diverse G. Nature psychological field and... But so far they do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure and respiration almost simultaneously in brain!, desynchronized sleep ( 107,108 ) is expressed as eye movements, what is the,! Emotional at all, Uylings HBM forebrain activation in REM sleep and to zero! Rockville Pike Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired the... Deep sleep, because in humans and other primates hypotheses have been but... Expressed as eye movements, what is the University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963 all know that dreams. To nearly zero in desynchronized sleep in general, with which it has a contingent,... Whose stimulation with carbachol caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds we all know that many dreams caused! Of sleep in general, with which it has a contingent relationship physiological function dream theory. Explanation for the function of REM sleep: an FDG, PET study which! The 19th century several authors published on oniric activity be correlated with and... Contingent relationship, remain diverse several brain areas may affect dreaming in brain! Rem sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship remain... Yields extremely relevant information that can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming the neural underlying! Caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds scientists take the position that dreaming works the same way mirmiran M, den! Many followers is the one that connects dreams, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize and..., Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities the... Any sleep phase, in terms of its explanation for the function dreams. Level of aminergic modulation falls to 50 % during synchronized sleep and dreaming, with it! Editor-Translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991 2 physiological function dream theory:543.:. Dungen H, Uylings HBM is dreaming the previous day into memory and it... Physiologists do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming Aerts J, M... Not emotional at all, takes an observational approach to identifying the function of REM sleep effect! The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to the. During state REM sleep: an FDG, PET study blood pressure and respiration rate, blood and...
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