Our mosaic garden has a pleasing blend of orderliness and variation. Being a human person capable of a relationship with the living God, Saint Apollinare has a halo of gold. So the garden of Eden becomes paradise. Why then did He allow His light to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? he would take Communion. These two simple letters capitulate the whole theme of the apse mosaic. In this case, He has become the Gardener in Eden. Its emerald green does not just reflect light; it emanates light. Is this precise number significant? We have instead the cross, with Christs face set in a small medallion at its centre, and the large figure of Saint Apollinare. The purpose of His incarnation was to gather all creation into Himself, and in particular to unite our human nature with His own divine nature. They are angelic warriors sent to war against demonic enemies and protect the world and the Church. This ideal avoids both caeseropapism and papal-caesorism. - See 2,083 traveler reviews, 2,347 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. But, as we shall see, these themes are nevertheless theologically implicit in the mosaics explicit linking of the Transfiguration with the Holy Liturgy and the Lords Second Coming. A detail from SantApollinare Nuovo, to showthe brilliance of the smalti colours. the pattern of these textiles. The great meadow of luminescent green mingles with blue and gold, adorned with imperial reds. But the curvature of the apse means that the actual running dimensions of the apse are greater still: around 24 metres/78 feet wide, and 17 metres/55 feet high. Finally, paradise came to be equated with Eden through the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. At its heart is a medallion bearing an image of Christ. In our mosaic we find coloured clouds both in the apse and on the uppermost register (executed in the 9th century) atop the triumphal arch. Perhaps this is the meaning of the ciborium held by the emperors attendant. But the rest of the cosmos is nevertheless also capable of participating in Gods glory, each thing according to its capacity. Christ is the divine archetype in whose image we humans are made, and whose glory is reflected in the whole material creation so brilliantly depicted on our mosaic spread out below. The brightly coloured clouds suggest the bright cloud that overshadowed them. The twelve lambs beside him represent all the faithful, and the garden around him is a microcosm of the whole creation that he and all the faithful offer in the Eucharist, and upon which the Holy Spirit descends and transforms. . Jesus is represented with a gold halo around his head, which became a major custom of the time, in all art. THE MOSAIC APSE OF SANTAPOLLINARE IN CLASSE, RAVENNA: SantApollinare in Classe mosaic. Although its immediate purpose is to act as a sort of witness to a legal contract, reminding future emperors of the Ravenna bishops rights, it also fits very well into our priestly king theme. SantApollinare in Classe mosaic. For, as St Paul so poetically writes, the Father raised us up with him, and made us sit with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 2:6). Mosaic three magi on wall of cathedral Sant Apollinare Nuovo. However, once again, iconographers who are willing to divert from the standard visual repetition, come up against the conservative and narrowminded requests of the people commissioning these works. The Cross: Christs Second Coming in glory, The jewelled Cross, sign of Christs transfiguration, crucifixion and Second Coming. Stylistically, these mosaics. - [Steven] On the south wall Each side are the four winged creatures, each holding a Gospel. But what of its many differences? (jazzy piano music). that sacrament of the Eucharist that would have happened here Irenaeus reminds us that Man is created in the image of God [i.e. 3. Apse 6th century, triumphal arch 7th -12th century. He did not want to overwhelm us. People visit mountaintops, but they do not stay there. One key to the deeper meaning of our mosaic is given in fact some days before the event of the Transfiguration itself. While the fleets of the unified Roman Empire faced few great naval threats, operating as a policing force vastly inferior in . At its heart is a medallion bearing an image of Christ. In Genesis Adam and Eve try to hide from God in Eden. Whom do you seek? Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.. I quite agree, Fr. $4.95 + $4.65 shipping. But here His voice is suggested by the presence of a hand reaching down from the golden heavens. Once senses an affirmation of St Pauls (and St Gregory of Nyssas) assurances that even in eternity we shall continue to grow in His likeness, passing from glory to glory (2 Corinthians 3:18). They were not Romans, Apollinare stands in the midst of his park as a prince ruling under the King of kings, surrounded as it were by family, friends and members of the court. Please check your email for further instructions. There is some iconography that can only be described as miraculous. It is in fact a depiction of the Transfiguration of Christ, as described in the Gospel accounts of Matthew 17:1-8, Mark 9:2-8 and, most notably, Luke 9:28-36. The creation account in Genesis (2:15) tells us that The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. Picture Information. The Ladder of Divine Ascent icon showing monks ascending to Jesus in Heaven, top right. And we have also the white garments of Moses and Elijah, which, standing as they do against a golden background, appear not quite so brilliant as the sheep. The passage reads: O holy Father,accept this candle, a solemn offering,the work of bees and of your servants hands,an evening sacrifice of praise,this gift from your most holy Church. One key to the deeper meaning of our mosaic is given in fact some days before the event of the Transfiguration itself. Let us put up three shelters one for you, one for Moses and one for Elijah. (He did not know what he was saying.). - [Steven] Well, this is a thousand years earlier than Leonardo. They are labelled Moses and Elijah (MOYSES and HbELYAS to be precise), and it is they who appeared with Christ during the Transfiguration. Moses and Elijah are depicted plainly either side of the cross. But we shall come to these later. We have already discussed how the cross represents Christs Second Coming, of which His transfiguration is a foretaste. And finally, the walls of the whole basilica would have been another level of enclosure since originally the basilica would have been or at least have intended to be - full of mosaic, thus making its whole interior a garden. This makes the apse trinitarian, if one takes the gold background and the white to suggest the presence of the Holy Spirit. He also wears also a simple crown to denote his regal status as king of Salem. Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Mosaics! was actually dedicated to Christ the redeemer. The other one is in Rome, This suggests, as with Melchezidek, a union of priestly and royal ministries. accept this candle, a solemn offering, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna. Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Incredible mosaics and columns of which you should not miss detail - See 2,083 traveler reviews, 2,347 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. This emphasizes the priestly significance of his offering. Our mosaic concentrates not so much on the event as on its outcome, its purpose. He stands behind an altar with two loaves and a chalice. Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God.. Apse 6th century, triumphal arch 7th -12th century. So the many golden stars in the orb that surrounds our cross represent the host of angels who will accompany Christ at His Second Coming. They had a God-given task, and this task once fulfilled would lead to their perfection, which was union with God, transfiguration. Emperor Justinian, San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century. While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud. This theme of beginning and end is further alluded to by the depiction (executed in the 7th century) of Jerusalem and Bethlehem atop the triumphal arch. What does all this imagery mean? The Septuagint translates the Hebrew term gan or garden (Genesis 2:8 and Ezekiel 28:13) with the Greek word paradeisos. As St Athanasius, wrote, God became man, that we might become gods (On the Incarnation, 54:3). Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Amazing Biblical Mosaics - See 2,083 traveler reviews, 2,347 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. 'Greek cross' in a sentence. - [Steven] In fact, this is one of only two churches in the world that retain its nave wall decorations. Justine is looking forward to the St. Patrick's Day celebration. Each side are the four winged creatures, each holding a Gospel. He is accompanied by another bishop (perhaps his predecessor Maurus (642-671), plus a priest in a yellow chasuble and two deacons. In Gods plan this royal and crafting role is inextricably tied to our priestly role, since in the Eucharist we offer not wheat and grapes, but bread and wine, which are the fruit of human labour. So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. But now we know the praises of this pillar,which glowing fire ignites for God's honour,a fire into many flames divided,yet never dimmed by sharing of its light,for it is fed by melting wax,drawn out by mother beesto build a torch so precious.[2]. The mosaic gives us adumbrations of this cosmic transfiguration. Palms traditionally represent paradise and a fruit bearing life. to reflect Arian beliefs. He's built a fabulous palace. In Genesis 17:1 we read that this was Abrahams age when God appeared to him and gave His covenant to make him the father of many nations. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? Mosaics in the nave of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (northern Italy) depicting twenty-two female saints, preceded by the three Magi, processing towards the Virgin and Child, and twenty-six male saints, probably originally preceded by *Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), processing towards Christ; created under Bishop Agnellus, 557/570. Eight is thus a symbol of the created world assumed into the divine life, in a union without confusion. But what of its many differences? There He walks and talks with us. Emperor Justinian, San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century. This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore support this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, built c. 500, renovated 560s, Ravenna, Italy. - [Steven] The goths were Arian and the emperor in In the Southeast corner, you have Christ on a throne surrounded by four angels and opposite that is another Above that are smaller We see on the table, two large fish, loaves of bread, and the Read the reviews of your fellow travelers. They may well be saints. These and other anomalies immediately invite us on a journey to try and discover their meaning. The brightly coloured clouds suggest the bright cloud that overshadowed them. We were made in the image of God, but had the task to grow in His likeness through love for and obedience to Him. Some also interpret these two holy places as representing respectively the Jews and the Gentiles, who come together in the Church. And St Iranaeus: Because of his boundless love, Jesus became what we are that he might make us to be what he is (Against Heresies, V). Every ministry that Bishops, priests and lay possess is in fact a participation in Christs ministry. This orb, encircled with a jewel-studded crown, hovers within a sky of gold and sunrise coloured clouds. Mosaic of Christ Enthroned with Angels, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy: Date: 26 August 2011, 06:01: Source: Mosaic of Christ Enthroned with Angels, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy: Author: Sharon Mollerus [1] Saint Irenaeus, quoted in Man and the Incarnation: A Study in The Biblical Theology of Irenaeus by Gustaf Wingren. On the north wall of the apse, opposite the Melchezidek work, is a depiction of the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine IV (668-685) granting certain privileges probably tax concessions to Ravennas archbishops. ing the nave of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna. For the Persians it came to refer to their expansive walled gardens. We will never know for certain because the designer did not write his or her explanation. God promised: I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you (Genesis 17:7). The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy. The phrase Son of Man coming in his Kingdom the phrase often used to describe Christs Second Coming at the end of the age. In so doing, Christ raised up the created and fallen human life that He had assumed (the six days of creation), so that it could participate in divine and eternal life (the eighth day). than everybody else because he is more important. They are generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming, for He will come like the sun rising. first built by Theodoric to be his palace chapel, NOT! This is in fact an amalgamation of two mosaics from nearby San Vitale, and was probably made around 670, at the same time as the mosaic on the opposite wall, of Constantine IV (668-685). The mosaic is a profound theological discourse. Which phrase best describes the style of the Christ as Good Shepherd mosaic from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna? He wants to show His disciples the purpose and end of His work a few days before His crucifixion. Unlike perhaps the most Shepherds with sheep and goats, apse mosaic, San Clemente, Rome, 1130s. of Classe at the west end and make their way led by the three magi toward the Virgin Mary - [Steven] Their outfits are spectacular. The mosaic gives us adumbrations of this cosmic transfiguration. The altar table, symbolically speaking, is the exclusive prerogative of the Church, but the ciborium protects this altar, and this protection the state can offer through its laws and privileges. File: Mosaic of the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo.jpg A church built onto a family home. Six sheep come out of each gate towards Christ who is depicted in the centre. Here in our mosaic we see a garden made according to this same divine pattern of a perfect imperfection, with a dynamic and not mechanical symmetry. Eternitys permanence will not be static but dynamic. A mountaintop is a place of ecstasy, from which we eventually have to descend. As with the eighth day Resurrection, the childs eighth day circumcision is the first day of his everlasting membership of Gods community. the Father], and the image of God is the Son, in whose image man was created. Christs parable of the lost sheep (Matthew 18:10-14) speaks of the shepherd leaving ninety-nine of his flock to find the one lost sheep. Thank you now for the clarity of this revelation and explanation. This sign of the Son of Man has been understood by the Church Fathers to be the cross. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its Imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defence and survival of the state than its earlier iteration. It is at once historical, liturgical and eschatological (a fancy word which means the study of the end times). So the garden around Apollinare is the outcome of love and craft, and of God and man working together in synergy. Although its immediate purpose is to act as a sort of witness to a legal contract, reminding future emperors of the Ravenna bishops rights, it also fits very well into our priestly king theme. , Cite this page as: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, "SantApollinare Nuovo, Ravenna," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. (C) borrowed nave, we see fabulous mosaics. And instead of the mountain of Tabor we have a garden. (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). Here in Johns Gospel Mary Magdalene is trying to find God. They're also holding crowns, which they'll be offering to Christ. And St Iranaeus, Because of his boundless love, Jesus became what we are that he might make us to be what he is (Against Heresies, V). As St Irenaeus (died c. 202 AD) tells us, The Church has been planted as a paradise in this world. As with the eighth day Resurrection, the childs eighth day circumcision is the first day of his everlasting membership of Gods community. SPEAKER 2: What we do have is an extraordinary apse mosaic. In Genesis Adam and Eve try to hide from God in Eden. The Lords Second Coming will establish His Kingdom without end. Luke tells us that eight days before His Transfiguration (Matthew and Mark say six), Christ spoke to His disciples of His Second Coming, saying that He would come in His glory and in the glory of the Father and of the holy angels. They delight the beholder immediately but at the same time possess layer upon layer of meaning, which reveal themselves only to the patient. He is accompanied by another bishop (perhaps his predecessor Maurus (642-671), plus a priest in a yellow chasuble and two deacons. - A large park. Identify the following term or individual and explain their significance. Accompanying it was silver, a novelty among the mosaics of Italy. Also depicted in the mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a set of three sheep on each side of Christ, with him touching one on the nose. Likewise, Christ returned to the world with His three disciples after His Transfiguration. Why then did He allow His glory to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. And this would be the moment Mosaico di scuola ravennate italo-bizantina, completato entro il 526 d.C. dal cosiddetto 'maestro di Sant'Apollinare'. We're in a basilica. The Creator in His turn transfigures and offers this world back to us. Christ died on the sixth day, rested in the tomb on the seventh, and rose on the eighth day. All this fecundity is finally embraced and contained by a broad arch of foliage that supports a host of birds, singing no doubt. When modern man makes streetlights for the night he places the lampposts regularly and makes each lamp identical in brightness and colour. Such is the case when Mary Magdalene mistakes the risen Christ for a gardener: Jesus said to her, Woman, why are you weeping? Mosaic The Three Magi In Sant Apollinare Nuovo In Ravenna close. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century. and to promulgate an understanding of Excellent and informative, thank you very much. But what stands out most to the viewer is the whiteness of the sheep against the green and to a lesser extent also Moses and Elijah, whose white is not quite so contrasting against the golden background. As St Irenaeus reminds us, the initial step for us all to come to knowledge of God is contemplation of nature. the scene for a moment. about 450. By association they also set everyone who worships in the basilica within the fellowship of all believers, past, present and future. After he had communed with God and received the tablets of the law on Sinai, Moses had to leave the summit and descend back to the encamped Israelites. The Two Faces of Jesus - How the early church pictured the divine, Robert M. Jensen, BR 18:05, Oct 2002. Both sides follow a similar design, with long rows of people from end to end of the nave, and further characters between the windows at the next level, and then an additional . On the left side are the secular authorities: the emperor and his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius, with a fourth figure holding a ciborium. when Christ announced, one of you will betray me, but he also would have said, here's the bread, this is my body. Ravenna was their capital. The union that this mosaic affirms is not just between God and man and matter, but also between the all faithful throughout time. Natural landscape. Scholars date the uppermost tier of the triumphal arch to the ninth century. scenes of the life of Christ. In Christian symbolism bees represent the immortality of the soul and the resurrection (for a hive seems to come back from the dead after three months of winter hibernation). Or to use another analogy, as spiritual gardeners we are to cultivate the wild and wonderful world into a garden. Luke tells us that eight days before His Transfiguration (Matthew and Mark say six), Christ spoke to His disciples of His Second Coming, saying that He would come in His glory and in the glory of the Father and of the holy angels. Either side of the crosss arms are the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the alphabet. For, as St Paul so poetically writes, the Father raised us up with him, and made us sit with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 2:6). Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy) San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources Art and architecture of Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai Woman with Scroll Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis Ivory Panel with Archangel Such works seem to flash forth, and are never perhaps can never be repeated. They went up onto a mountain to pray. This haloed saint stands in the midst of the garden, with his hands raised in prayer. The eighth day resurrection therefore takes human nature beyond the endless trapped cycle of the seven day week. We do not see in this mosaic the transfigured Christ, at least, not His full figure clothed in brilliant white as is usually the case in depictions of the Transfiguration. This orb, encircled with a jewel-studded crown, hovers within a sky of gold and sunrise coloured clouds. In this article I would like to discuss some of these layers. We're not sure who they are. It is however not impossible that it is a remake of an earlier work made at the same time as the conch mosaic, in the sixth century. Christ is the second Adam, who becomes and fulfils all that the first Adam (that is, us) failed to be and do. Like the conch mosaic that takes liberties with historical reality in order to reveal the deeper meaning of the event, this mosaic panel also has some interesting additions. Christ the symbols of the four Evangelists. Over the tunic of skin given by his parents as a result of their fall, Abel wears a priestly chasuble. Brilliant! For the sake of completeness we can mention the date palms that stand either side of the apse. The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. So the garden of Eden becomes paradise. Quite remarkably, close inspection of the little golden designs on Saint Apollinares chasuble reveals that they are in fact bees. The Church is a priestly being, whose calling is to give thanks for all creation and to offer it to the Creator. How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? Such sunrise type clouds are common in apsidal mosaics in Rome. Christ is the second Adam, becoming and fulfilling all that the first Adam (that is, us) failed to be and do. You can still see disembodied hands on some columns. Thirdly, on the verticals of the triumphal arch either side of the apse are depicted Archangels Michael and Gabriel. This is an appropriate scene, both because of the Holy Liturgy that is celebrated in front of it and because of our mosaics priestly and regal theme. [1] Romans used to dine. There's that flat gold background that is typically Byzantine in style. Another clue to this link between the Lords Transfiguration and His Second Coming is His other statement, eight days before the Transfiguration: Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. The most immediate meaning of these words is understood by most commentators to refer to Christs coming Transfiguration. They symbolize the four evangelists: the eagle is John; the man Matthew, the lion Mark, and the ox Luke. As St Athanasius, wrote, God became man, that we might become gods(On the Incarnation, 54:3). 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