Case Summary. The project aimed to gather and decode messages sent by Soviet military intelligence (KGB and GRU) to the U.S. Venona would also help the government locate spy rings. This love of Communism and the Soviet Union soon led them into a Soviet espionage ring.. Ethels own brother, David Greenglass, testified against her, in a blatant act of perjury. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. He was 51. I ask Sebba how culpable she thinks Julius Rosenberg was in his wifes death sentence. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism; the charges of antisemitism were widely believed abroad[citation needed], but not among the vast majority in the United States. Distinguished Professor of History, Baylor University. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Historian John Earl Hayness AHF Interview. In 2008, the National Archives of the United States published most of the grand jury testimony related to the prosecution of the Rosenbergs. Julius Rosenberg was discharged by the army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the Communist Party. On June 19, 1968, a long-term anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark. The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime and their case remains controversial to this day. They were both found guilty of the crimes of espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. The constitutionality and applicability of the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, as well as the impartiality of the trial judge, Irving R. Kaufmanwho in pronouncing sentence had accused them of a crime worse than murderwere key issues during the appeals process. ", In 1953, socialist historian W. E. B. All Rights Reserved. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. An American Tragedy By Anne Sebba. On March 6, 1951 their trial began in New Yorks Southern District federal court. Their time at high school intersected briefly - Ethel was nearly. Ruth joined the Young Communist League (YCL) after graduating high school. Schneir argues that Ruth worked alone and met with a Soviet agent to deliver a sketch of a bomb, which was placed in a KGB file center on December 27, 1945. Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to the Soviets classified military and industrial information [on] the atomic bomb," and "He never told me about anything else that he was engaged in. Photograph: Brendan Smialowski/ AFP via Getty. There was genuine fear that the Russians and Stalin would launch an atom bomb on America. He later served 10 years in prison. The trial continues to be controversial today. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. READ MORE: Why Were the Rosenbergs Executed? [26] Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the spy ring. Getty Images. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Fuchs was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. I think there could be some kind of exoneration, in that she was convicted on the basis of perjury, and for someone convicted on the basis of perjury, there should be a form of pardon. Others argue that Julius and Ethel were guilty, with Ethel playing a minor role, but that their trial and sentence were unjust due to the lack of evidence. [62] Ethel did not have a codename,[24] however, KGB messages which were contained in the Venona project's Vassiliev files, and which were not made public until 2009,[63][64] revealed that both Ethel and Julius had regular contact with at least two KGB agents and were active in recruiting not only Ethel's brother David Greenglass, but also another Manhattan Project spy named Russell McNutt. He stated, I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He admitted that he had given documents to the Soviet contact, but said these had to do with defensive radar and weaponry. [16], In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Soviets throughout the war. Greenglass served in the ArmysSpecial Engineer Detachment (SED), and was a machinist at Los Alamos. "Plain, deliberate, contemplated murder is dwarfed in. Gordon Dean, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, said: "It looks as though Rosenberg is the kingpin of a very large ring, and if there is any way of breaking him by having the shadow of a death penalty over him, we want to do it." Espionage was a major concern for the United States government during the Manhattan Project. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Sebba, who lives in Surrey, dug into archives containing Ethels letters written during the three years she spent in prison, and grand jury testimony papers of the trial. He escaped prosecution because his involvement was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The American pair were . Sebba says the only lesson history offers is that there are no lessons to be learned. He stated that Julius asked him to help provide secrets about atomic weapons so that Julius could pass on the information to the USSR. A native of Belgium, De Smet came to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20. Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. He also stated that he believed Ethel was only guilty of being Julius wife and was not an active participant in the espionage ring. 32), executed by the federal government of the United States, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, Deputy Attorney General of the United States, Capital punishment by the United States federal government, List of people executed by the United States federal government, "What the K.G.B. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. [66], In 2001, David Greenglass recanted his testimony about his sister having typed the notes. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. Browse pg9767.kgb resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. He stated that he and Julius passed military and industrial information to the Soviet Union, hoping it would help them defeat the Nazis in World War II. There was proof, which was later produced in court. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were the only spies executed during the Cold War and some question whether their sentence was fair. They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. Due to Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage was serious. The Rosenbergs are still the only Americans ever put to death in peacetime for espionage, and Ethel is the only American woman killed by the US government for a crime other than murder. [80][81] On April 5, 1951, a judge sentenced them to death and the pair was taken to Sing Sing to await execution. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. In 2021 Ethel's sons restarted the campaign to pardon Ethel, as they were more optimistic that President Biden will consider this favorably. By 1942, Julius was heavily involved with espionage activities for the Soviet Union. A letter from Michael and Robert Rosenberg pleading for the life of their parents. They were accused of sending a rough sketch of the atomic bomb to Russia. Many people around the world believed them. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. The case was intensely controversial, touching nerves throughout American society, and debates about the Rosenbergs continue to the present day. T he case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, the young Jewish American couple executed in June 1953 at the height of the cold war for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the Russians, has weighed . (Sobell and Gold received 30-year prison terms, and Greenglass, who was tried separately, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.) Her attorney asked the U.S. commissioner to parole her in his custody over the weekend, so that she could make arrangements for her two young children. But they would have been better advised to have said straight up, yes we are communists, but no, we are not spies.. He was U.S. citizen and electrical engineer. And, in fact, the Rosenbergs themselves essentially believed that they had done nothing wrong in the grand scheme of things. "[70], He said that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details that were acquired by David Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the Soviet Union, and were used only to corroborate what they had already learned from the other atomic spies. They were executed in 1953. "You sat the Rosenbergs in the electric chair for nothing", he said. Robert and his brother, Michael, asked president Obama to pardon their mother. Ethel Greenglass worked as a clerk for some years after her graduation from high school in 1931. [65][63][64], The messages decoded by the Venona project were not made public during the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied instead on testimony from their collaborators. He stated, "I would not sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister. The trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was certainly dramatic. They married in 1939. Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy by Anne Sebba was published by Orion Books on 24 June 2021.[24][82]. Du Bois wrote a poem titled "The Rosenbergs", which began "Crucify us, Vengeance of God, as we crucify two more Jews" and ended "Who has been crowned on yonder stair? Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. The Rosenbergsaccused of participating in a complex plot to sell American atomic secrets to the Sovietswere arrested in the summer of 1950, Julius on July 17 and Ethel slightly less than one month later. Julius (1918-1953) and Ethel (1915-1953) Rosenberg were a nondescript couple accused in 1950 by the United States government of operating a Soviet spy network and giving the Soviet Union plans for the atomic bomb. [73], Michael and Robert co-wrote a book about their and their parents' lives, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975). [19], Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled with his family to Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. [58] According to Alexander Feklisov, the former Soviet agent who was Julius's contact, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't understand anything about the atomic bomb and he couldn't help us. Omissions? 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Ethel became the first woman executed by the U.S. government since Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for her alleged role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The attorneys appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but the Court never reviewed the record. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. Espionage Act of 1917. This connection would be necessary as evidence if there was to be a conviction for espionage of the Rosenbergs. By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. Judge Kaufman justified his decisionfor the death penalty by stating: I consider your crimes worse than murder. After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. The Rosenbergs vigorously protested their innocence, but after a brief trial that began on March 6, 1951, and attracted much media attention, the couple was convicted. I think she was clearly innocent of the charges but, on the other hand, I think she was supportive of Julius. That stay resulted from intervention in the case by Fyke Farmer, a Tennessee lawyer whose efforts had previously been scorned by the Rosenbergs' attorney, Emanuel Hirsch Bloch. They were persuaded to change their original stories. Robert wrote a later memoir, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey (2003). HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. It was never in doubt that Julius Rosenberg had conducted acts of espionage. O n June 19, 1953, Ethel Rosenberg was electrocuted, having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. Ethel Greenglass met Julius Rosenberg in New York City in 1936, when she was 21 and he was 18. Now, however, Greenglass claimed that this exchange occurred in the living room of the Rosenbergs New York apartment, and that Ethel was present. The Greenglasses now claimed that Julius, with help from Ethel, recruited David into the atomic spy ring in 1944. Rhoda Laks, another attorney on the Rosenbergs' defense team, also made this argument before Judge Kaufman. Online Documents. John Philip Jenkins; 3 1952, -, , ) , His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The direct evidence of the Rosenbergs involvement came from the confessions and testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass. He left the Communist Party to avoid suspicions. According to Rojas, a man named Velasquez had threatened her when she rejected his sexual advances earlier in the day. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Because of the Venona documents, they now believe that Julius was a Soviet spy. [42] Pope Pius XII appealed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to spare the couple, but Eisenhower refused on February 11, 1953. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. Ethel's execution did not go smoothly. Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. Built in an English shipyard and sold to the Confederates in 1861, the Alabama was a state-of-the-art ship220 read more, After 14 Formula One race car drivers withdraw due to safety concerns over the Michelin-made tires on their vehicles, German driver Michael Schumacher wins a less-than-satisfying victory at the United States Grand Prix on June 19, 2005. And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism. The Meeropols were both teachers, and Abel was also a lyricist. Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. I think it is the most horrific story, Sebba says. Ethel Greenglass, (respectively, born Sept. 28, 1915, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, N.Y.; born May 12, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, N.Y.), U.S. spies. These transcripts revealed the contradictions between the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury and during the trial. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. The young journalist [Raman Pratsevich] arrested in Belarus with his girlfriend [Sofia Sapega]. "[56], Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production reactor and extraction facility that the Soviet Union used to create its first bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". [18][19], On July 17, 1950, Julius Rosenberg was arrested on suspicion of espionage[20] based on David Greenglass's confession. The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. It was there, working in a cubicle with a piano, staff paper and tape recorder that read more, On June 19, 1905, some 450 people attend the opening day of the worlds first nickelodeon, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and developed by the showman Harry Davis. Their case against Ethel Rosenberg was resolved 10 days before the start of the trial, when David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. "[57], The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated. Her husband, Julius, had been executed a short time before her. Julius Rosenberg, arrest photograph, 17th of July, 1950. This declassified information included a trove of decoded Soviet cables (code-name: Venona), which detailed Julius's role as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, and information about Ethel's role as an accessory who helped recruit her brother David into the spy ring and did clerical tasks such as typing up documents that Julius then passed to the Soviets. Their trial remains controversial today. Despite some public outrage and failed appeals, the Rosenbergs were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on June 19, 1953. After being interviewed this second time, he said that he had given this information to Julius in the living room of the Rosenbergs' New York apartment. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Just ten days before the start of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and changed his original statements. Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, a college classmate of Julius Rosenberg, fled to Mexico but was extradited. ", "Plot to Have G.I. Ethel, at Julius's request, had taken his notes and "typed them up." McNutt's employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium. The second son of read more. In 2015 an independent lawsuit secured the release of grand jury testimony in 1950 by Greenglass, which indicated that he might have lied at trial by exaggerating his sisters role in the espionage ring in order to obscure the more extensive involvement of his wife Ruth, who was not prosecuted. It was the wrong advice to them to go on pleading the Fifth Amendment because it made it seem as if they were on trial for being communists, which at some subliminal level, of course they were. 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