However, that didn't last long. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Trench Warfare in WWI: History & Facts | What is Trench Warfare? A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. For one thing, Hoover was a believer in the power of the free market and in the value of perseverance. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. "; In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of WWI veterans seeking expedited benefits, dubbed the Bonus Army. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. The primary cause was rapid economic growth, which was accompanied by excessive risk-taking at the aggregate level in the market. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. until the land was needed for shipping facilities on the eve of World War II. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. In "The Grapes of Wrath" the camp is described as filthy, filled with hopeless, despairing residents. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. Inhabitants living in the primitive conditions of the shantytowns were subject to many health problems. Longley, Robert. Politicians continued drinking as everyday people were slapped with charges. We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . ThoughtCo. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Lessons from Hooverville still have not been learned today. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. He was proud of the self-built community, saying "Hooverville is the abode of the forgotten man." Trade your paper with a Partner. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. "; Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Residents of the previous Hooverville in Tacoma rebuilt homes on the same site they occupied throughout. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. "; Hoovervilles Appear Nationwide As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. (2021, December 6). Hooverville housed about 10,000 veterans and their families in ramshackle shelters built from old lumber, packing boxes, and scrapped tin from a nearby junk pile. This Hooverville had its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. New York City: Depression shacks "Hoover Village" in the old Central Park reservoir. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Library of Congress. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } During the Great Depression, other Hoovervilles were built in. The Depression increased the demand for such assistance exponentially. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. "; Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. [2], Tacoma's "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats" was burned by city officials in May 1942, but was soon reoccupied and rebuilt. This issue will be discussed more below. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Named for President Herbert Hoover, the ramshackle settlements ranged in size and were set up across the nation. Who Were the Democratic Presidents of the United States? Brief History of Seattle. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. The term Hooverville itself is a partisan political attack on Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States at the time. Early Hooverville was burned down twice by Seattle police, but its residents continued to rebuild small houses. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. [1] This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Migrant workers and immigrants greatly suffered from the lack of work and made up a large portion of the Hoovervilles across the country.[2]. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) This was supervised by Mayor Jackson, who also led the Vigilance Committee. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. I highly recommend you use this site! In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. Grade Level. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. A "Hooverville" is the popular name for slum towns built by people without homes during the Great Depression. Between 1929 and 1932, the value of world trade declined by more than half. Shantytowns and Hoovervilles: Herbert Hoover was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. By the end of the decade it covered a six block area and, like Seattle's Hooverville, included a large number of little houses that residents had built out of scrap materials and steadily improved over the years. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. Donald Francis Roy, a resident of Seattles Hooverville, recorded 639 residents, only 7 of whom were women. City of Seattle.Americans React to the Great Depression. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. [7], While some Hoovervilles created a sort of government, most were unorganized collections of shanty houses. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. "; The smaller camps tended to come and go, while the larger Hoovervilles proved far more permanent. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. 361 lessons. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. "; The new population was forced to set up makeshift "towns" known as "Hoovervilles." 16. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. No two It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s many looked to the federal government for assistance. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. It was a highly diverse population. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. It comes from the New York Public Library. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Homelessness followed quickly from joblessness once the economy began to crumble in the early 1930s. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. By the early 1940s, with the economy rebounding during World War II, many Hoovervilles had fewer residents and most were torn down. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. However, Hoovervilles were typically grim and unsanitary. Some cities allowed squatter encampments for a time, others did not. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. Photos from shantytowns across the country show images of families, including women and children, dwelling in their makeshift home. 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