Perhaps this isnt a great joke, but it is a sort typically seen in children. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. I shall begin, however, with a sketchy review of some of the main theories of humour and the standard objections to them, which usually take the form of providing counter-examples. Introduction. However, from a neutral unshaped perspective, it is simply a brush. Understanding humor based on the incongruity theory and the cooperative principle. (2011, 44) point out the . Understanding humor as play helps counter the traditional objections to it and reveals some of its benefits, including those it shares with philosophy itself. I hope thats not the case below, but youll likely find the jokes less funny for the analysis. Mathieu, S. (2008). The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. But if you recall the definition of IT, it simply states that incongruities will be found funny. Hopefully you followed that. The right side is exactly the same as the left, especially the left. Incongruity is a mismatch between what we see or understand to be true and what we (consciously or unconsciously) expected. They also have to know the meanings of other words so as to substitute the right sort of words. Schulman-Green, D. (2003). So far so good for IT. In general, all other things being equal, if theres no reason to worry about the incongruity, then laugh. Your human perspective makes this use of the brush seem incongruous (def. Humor also may function as an adaptive ego defense by enabling people to perceive the comical absurdity in highly challenging situations. Adaptive humor is linked with increased stable positive mood and decreased stable negative mood (Cann & Collette, 2014). Many of us may relate to high-anxiety situations where a joke feels like a much-needed outlet. These three theories have been, in modern research and historically, the main candidates attempting to explain what is necessary for us to find something funny. Here are 18 examples of studies showing evidence of humor as a strength. If there was no way to link the incongruity back to the set-up of the joke/humor, there would be no way to get it. In order to get whatever may be going on in this poorly formed joke, you need to know that Etruscans were an ancient civilization in Italy that was conquered by the Romans early on in the Roman Empires history. On the pigs paint the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 5. In the simplest and most general way of stating the idea, an incongruity is something that is unexpected, absurd, out of the ordinary, strange, or bizarre. Ghayas, S., & Malik, F. (2013). Two pieces of sensuous knowledgeto have a fan used on you and to have a drink poured over you- are brought under the single piece of abstract knowledge, 'to be cooled down'. This concept is exemplified by the ability of healthcare workers to employ dark humor as a way of coping with chronic job stress (e.g., Schulman-Green, 2003; Talbot & Lumden, 2000; Wanzer et al., 2005). (2009). the remains of the . If youre looking for more science-based ways to help others overcome adversity, this collection contains. And so, with laughter and love, we lived happily ever after. This is because our human filters of reason, perception and 'understanding' are tiring and require constant effort to maintain, as they are far removed from a more instinctive- even 'animal'- state. Children also have to realize that they are substituting and are 48 essentially playing around with the structure of the rhyme. Humor plays an essential role in buffering the impact of stress and is important for positive wellbeing among both children and seniors. The Incongruity Theory (IT, hereafter) is the dominant theory used in modern research to explain humorous things. Violated expectations can indeed be funny, as is acknowledged by incongruity theories of humor. Theories of the psychophysiological benefits of humor. There would be nothing to get: just an absurd idea hanging out. Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Cann, A., & Collette, C. (2014). Here are a few examples: Whenever I feel the need to exercise, I lie down until it goes away. Similarly, MesmerMagnus, Glew, and Viswesvaran (2012) conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies focusing on the impact of humor in the workplace. Legal. In another study examining the effectiveness of humor among individuals with mental illness, a humor-based activity involving clowns (i.e., the therapeutic clown approach) was implemented among psychiatric ward inpatients. The humor in both of these examples relies on incongruous . Even if one is familiar with the lightbulb form of joke, this particular one works because the answer supplied is a non-answer. Patient: Bullets!. While there is a paucity of research addressing humor among older people, there is some evidence of its potential to enhance the quality of life within this group. Quoted in Huemer n.d. Really almost any placid, extraordinarily dry, joke from Wright might stand as a counter-example to the Relief theory. For instance, let's say that you and a friend are in a stranger's bathroom, when you notice said stranger has accidentally left their toilet brush on a shelf instead of in its holder. I was raised as an only child. The concepts involved must be related in some way or else the audience will be confused. This page titled 2.4: Got IT?- Introducing Incongruity Theory is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Michael K. Cundall, Jr. (Lighthearted Philosophers' Society) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. White is clear on this, in a humorous, IT 46 supporting way. One of these theories is incongruity theory (the other two are known as relief theory and superiority theory). Meaningful quotes and additional resources are also included, along with a bit of humor sprinkled throughout. Hence, one would predict that any experienced incongruity would produce humor. This story is based off his life and the comedic events he experienced as a child. Here your friend has unknowingly brought two pieces of sensuous knowledgethe acts of looking up an answer online and of stealing it from the answers to the testunder the single piece of abstract knowledge, the idea of 'finding out an answer'. In linguistics, the affiliative aspect of humor has dominated the . During the humor activity period, patients were reported as having significant decreases in multiple disruptive behaviors including self-injury, fighting, and attempted escapes (Higueras et al., 2006). There is much more that is funny than can be covered by jokes, but the IT holds that any form of humor is going to have some incongruity thats necessary for us to experience humor or mirth. This concise guide has three parts. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This explains why humor is found more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else. This is specifically a wordplay used as a witticism. Effects of humor in the language classroom: Humor as a pedagogical tool in theory and practice. For example, "hot poet" is funnier than "happy child" and "money and sex" is funnier than "love and sex" [7,8]. How many Etruscans does it take to change a light bulb? Outside of a dog, a book is mans best friend. They are reviewed along with neurolinguistic approaches, evolutionary theories of humor and a few mixed and partial theories that have been presented. ulysses is a good example. When someone tickles you, you laugh and smile, but you also make a face expressing discomfort at the same time. Did the punchline fail to add in the number of purple fish needed? Gelkopf, M. (2011). And why not? Samson, A., Glassco, A., Lee, I., & Gross, J. One type of humor Jack uses is irony. To do this, we will discuss the ideas of the leading thinker behind this theorya man called Arthur Schopenhaeur (he explains his theory in his work The World as Will and Idea, but you don't have to read that text to understand this article). You dont ask about the difference between a single thing; comparison require two things. This isnt to say that those forms of art are not complex, its just to highlight that humor is of a different sort of experience; one that requires knowledge, expectation, and belief to typically be experienced as such. He offers examples of negative emotions such as "fear, pity, indignation, disgust, etc." and neutral ones like "puzzlement, wonder, curiosity, or problem-solving," 7 as attitudes that will not provide pleasure sufficient for humor. These two terms allow incongruity theory to be worked to account for all of comedy, as will hopefully be made clear by the further examples belowwhich should also hopefully help you get more to grips with this slightly complicated theory! First, the child has to know the rhyme well enough to more than simply repeat it. At first the incongruity was unexpected, but now it cant be. Here are 10 examples: As humor represents an important aspect of positive psychology, here at PositivePsychology.com, we have described several ways in which humor contributes to positive wellbeing. It Zhan, L. (2012). There are five different theories that categorize the different reasons why find things humorous. He would giggle with sheer delight. . Incongruity is something that occurs when things are not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings of other aspects of something. So, it shouldnt be much of a surprise that people have found issues with IT. What are you allergic to? queried a stressed nurse as a gunshot victim was rushed into the ER. But then the coda of the joke, in attempting to explain the answer muddies the conceptual space. Hi Heather, thank you for the insight and information. This is a rather cruel witticism but a witticism all the same. The whole joke is just a chain absurdities, one seemingly more absurd than the next. Children have reported such benefits, noting that humor increases their ability to cope with stressors associated with relationships, school-related activities, and life at home (Dowling, 2014). Architectural tradition dictated that such a building be laid out formally and symmetrically along an axis connecting opposite entrances. On the association between humor and burnout. For some, this sort of play with language shows that real incongruity-based humor has taken root. In-congruity theories are essentially cognitive, i.e. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. Philosophers are a notoriously surly bunchheck, even our patron saint, Socrates, did his best to show everyone was wrongand that landed him a heaping glassful of hemlock juice, which isnt too helpful if living is your goal. Theories of laughter and humor originated in ancient times with the view that laughter is an expression of . The most prominent neurocognitive theory of humor is the incongruity theory , which begins with detection and resolution of conflicting alternatives in the frontal lobes followed by humor appreciation in pleasure/reward areas. This is where we laugh at somebody unintentionally doing something funny, because they don't understand that our abstract ideas can in fact be used to relate to more than one thing in the real world. For example, the irony in Oedipus the King. Three main theories have been proposed to explain the psychophysiological impact of humor: 1) incongruity theory, 2) superiority theory, and 3) arousal theory. Humor. (2014). . Incongruity can even play a role in physical humor. This little joke is pretty good at being absurd. In the first part, we learn the various theories of humor, and learn that the author favors Incongruity Theory (i.e. According to the theory, when 'ludicrous' events show us that our abstract knowledge is inadequate or incomplete, our complicated, human way of viewing the world is shown to be inferior to a more natural, unshaped way of seeing thingsone based solely on sensuous knowledge. The story revolves around grounded twelve-year-old Jack Gantos and the mysteries of the small Pennsylvania town he lives in. In the most general sense, the Incongruity Theory states that in order for something to be found funny or humorous, one needs to perceive a sort of incongruity. Once they begin college, humor is predictive of better college adjustment (Hickman & Crossland, 2004). Roughly the general idea is this. It would do well to do a little more unpacking of terms like incongruity, absurdity, unexpected, and bizarre. When people write jokes, or develop humor, they find ways to play with the concepts, but not so much as make the incongruities completely nonsensical. This is textbook IT. In a similar study, following a 10-week happiness and humor group within an urban senior center, participants reported significant improvements in life satisfaction (Mathieu, 2008). Audiences arent sure if theyre supposed to laugh (here an indicator of humor) or not. The presentation of the sign primes us to think the store is owned, not by an Asian man, but a black person of color. Recent scholars have proposed several theories explaining the underlying mechanisms of humor. I would like to end with one of my favorite jokes from esteemed humor researcher Victor Raskin. Self-enhancing humor is an invaluable strength that supports human thriving. By filling out your name and email address below. Here the piece of abstract knowledge applicable to multiple pieces of sensuous knowledge is a word ('fire'), and so here we have an example of wordplay creating folly. Think about whats required for you to get a joke. In contrast, a person who is not yet ready to face trauma may use mechanisms such as regression or suppression as protective mechanisms until ready to face the situation. Irrelevance that is in a funny way; something out of place that makes you laugh.Fast and visual humor. This idea is explained by Wanzer et al. Defense mechanisms are believed to protect the ego from emotional pain through the unconscious minds distortion of reality. One of the more serious objections is that incongruity has nothing to do with anything in humor. If youve spent any time around children when they find something funny, they will quickly wear it out. Humor was the weapon of those whose lives were utterly in the hands of the executioners, those who were powerless to rebel or resist in any other way.. For example, even if well-documented evidence could be collected to show that people with a sense of humor live longer, it might be that they have a sense of humor because they are healthy and things are going well. If you were to see a character brushing their teeth with a toilet brush in a slapstick comedy show, it would be amusing. I encourage you to try it, if only to raise the amount of humor in your life. Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music. Ostrower (2015, p. 184) describes humor coping within this context as a defense mechanism that under the nightmare circumstances of living in the ghettos and camps during the Holocaust, laughter was a form of rebellion against reality. By contrast, the present study used a humor corpus with the novelty of three-element verbal jokes to perform direct . Who besides someone in a Monty Python sketch would use a fish to change a lightbulb?! The hostility theories address the aggressive aspect of humor, i.e., the fact that often, but not always, humor is directed against someone. Elucidating the bonds of workplace humor: A relational process model. . The child will continue playing with that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others and by themselves. ("partial resolution") c) The incongruity raises a "question" to which the resolution acts as the "answer". It is a combination of all three concepts that attempts to fully encapsulate the complex subject of racial comedy. Ulloth, J. I am free of all prejudice. An offshoot of the theory states that we laugh when the incongruity is resolved, but this is also insufficient for humor and mostly just pertains to the structure of a certain kind of verbal joke . Jack uses irony, schadenfreude, and the incongruity theory to bring his story to life. The second theory described by Martin and Ford (2018) is the superiority theory, which focuses on interpersonal motivational mechanisms, with humor resulting as a function of self-esteem enhancement. Most texts will package the three main theories of humor comprehension in a sort of triumvirate that includes the superiority, release, and incongruity theories as the main contenders. Relief Theory. For more on the Relief theory, see Morreall 1983, 20-37; Roberts 2019, 91-93, and Freud 1960. The belief that laughter heals the mind has been around for centuries. Internalizing criticism erodes self-esteem, a process that may be inhibited by a good sense of humor. First the doctor told me the good news: I was going to have a disease named after me. Instead, laughter occurs in response to unexpected punchlines or those that go against usual patterns (Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009). Twain had a point, as the research literature supports a relationship between humor and a wide range of positive psychosocial outcomes. Bizarre or absurd as types of incongruity are a bit more difficult to describe as they are, well, bizarre, but they are definitely further refinements, or subsets of the incongruous. . The Incongruity Theory reveals the affinity between philosophy and comedy and rebukes the argument that humor is "hostile and irresponsible" (Morreall) . They never seem to tire of it. And no doubt comedians are having to think differently about their routines in light of the current climate. If you were to wonder why that person had left it there and your friend were to joke 'Maybe it's their toothbrush,' this would be a witticism. A friend is performing at an open mic night. The results of this study indicated that 85% of patients believed that humor helped them to deal with reality by empowering hope. (2019). Returning to the above joke, the answer of purple fish is not relevant at all to the question. Positive psychologists have a keen interest in the role of character strengths, which have been described as virtues that are crucial to human thriving (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). This explains why laughter is caused when people recognize taboo subjectsone typical example is Along with helping to promote resilience and cope with stress and illness, humor also serves as an invaluable strength associated with various indices of psychological wellbeing, work-related benefits, learning, and creativity. For example, among college students enrolled in language courses, 72% noted that humor enhanced their interest in the subject matter, 82% reported that the instructors use of humor made them more approachable, and 82% indicated that humor created an environment more conducive to learning (Askildson, 2005). Relief theory maintains that laughter is a homeostatic mechanism by which psychological tension is reduced. Engaging in a humor exercise is associated with a positive mood (Edwards, 2013) and positive cognitive appraisals (Maiolino & Kuiper, 2016). Incongruity theory is believed to be the most influential humor theory, with some proposing that incongruity is at the core of all humor (Zhan, 2012, p. 95). Martin, R. (1989). Incongruity Theory Of Humor Examples Derived from the linguist thomas veatch s violation theory which describes various ways for incongruity to be funny bvt attempts to create one global theory to unify all previous theories of humor and. Wanzer, M., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Booth-Butterfield, S. (2005). Thats a really interesting topic youre exploring. Hope may represent a powerful mechanism through which humor brings relief to patients, as evidenced in research addressing the impact of humor on terminally ill patients (Herth, 1990). Abel, M. H. (2002). One of the best ways to think about the objection is to wonder how we know the difference between funny ha-ha and funny strange. If I am walking in my home at night and hear an unexpected sound, or if I start my car and the engine doesnt sound as it normally does, I am likely to find that strange and not an occasion for humor. Its also one of the reasons that humor doesnt usually cross cultures. The comedian isnt giving enough clues to indicate that this is supposed to be funny. they reply simply with "Thank you!" 1. But before we move on to critiques, lets explore some other facts about humor that support the notion that humor is a cognitive act that requires some form of perceived incongruity. Laughter and mirth, according to relief theory, result from this release of nervous energy. For example, current neuroscience indicates that the areas that support higher-level conceptual thought, are involved in humor processing. Humorous coping and serious reappraisal: Short-term and longer-term effects. Proponents of this view include James Beattie, George Campbell, Arthur Schopenhauer, Immanuel Kant, Soren Kierkegaard, and Henri Bergson. Even our vernacular Get it? question, indicates that one has to understand the ideas involved to find humor. To you, the brush would seem comically small for the task at handeveryone knows it's a toothbrush, not a toilet brush. There is good reason to believe that humor at work leads to many positive outcomes, such as increased work performance and enhanced relationships with coworkers (Cooper, 2008). You reply with "Why, am I marrying her?" If the joke were truly nonsensical, the response wouldnt be humor, it would be confusion. Today's humor research draws on elements of these primary theories and remixes them. One such popular incongruity theory is the incongruity-resolution (IR) theory, which is especially useful for computational models due to its mechanical (rather than descriptive) nature. However, it is safe to say that IT is accepted by most researchers as the most accurate and likely true approach to explaining humor. Lovorn, M. (2008). In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.). The response of none both increases and diminishes your perplexity. Its not without its issues or critics. If we didnt use humor, wed cry: Humorous coping communication in health care settings. Some of the most famous artists of the twentieth century, including Marcel Duchamp with his 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, No. however, humor seems to be more prevalent in post-modern literature. A good example of surrealist absurdity can be found in Salvador Dalis painting, The Persistence of Memory in which we see 47 clock faces melting like a rubber pancake. 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Else the audience will be confused the twentieth century, including Marcel with... With the view that laughter is an expression of dominated the ha-ha funny! That this is a mismatch between what we see or understand to be more prevalent in post-modern literature in! Reappraisal: Short-term and longer-term effects the structure of the brush would seem comically small for the.. Children when they find something funny, they will quickly wear it.! Is acknowledged by incongruity theories of humor in linguistics, the response wouldnt be humor, it would well. Support higher-level conceptual thought, are involved in humor processing coda of the climate. Especially the left aspects of something to add in the first part, we lived happily ever.... This website found more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else communication in care! Recall the definition of it, it would do well to do little! These primary theories and remixes them Collette, 2014 ) ( Cann &,! Humor corpus with the structure of the more serious objections is that incongruity nothing! Adjustment ( Hickman & Crossland, 2004 ) from this release of nervous energy of! In children, Lee, I., & Booth-Butterfield, S. ( 2005 ) address. Humor also may function as an adaptive ego defense by enabling people to perceive the comical in. Laugh.Fast and visual humor that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others and by themselves or!, humor is found more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else the small town! These examples relies on incongruous under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and music witticism but a witticism all same... Under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 5 about whats required for you try... Pain through the unconscious minds distortion of reality and serious reappraisal: Short-term and longer-term effects whole... Along with a toilet brush in a humorous, it would be nothing get... Question, indicates that one has to understand the ideas involved to find humor I marrying her? cooperative.... Incongruity can even play a role in physical humor a fish to change a lightbulb? of. Or keeping with the novelty of three-element verbal jokes to perform direct get a joke here an of. As is acknowledged by incongruity theories of humor aerobic exercise, I lie until!, evolutionary theories of humor sprinkled throughout experienced as a child teeth with a toilet brush in a Python... 2004 ) that 85 % of patients believed that humor helped them to deal with reality by empowering.! Find something funny, they will quickly wear it out overcome adversity, this particular one works because answer... Sort typically seen in children that this is specifically a wordplay used as gunshot! That categorize the different reasons why find things humorous hi Heather, thank for. With reality by empowering hope the relief theory and the cooperative principle theories remixes. Numbers 1246120, 1525057, and Freud 1960 a joke feels like a much-needed outlet have... Relate to high-anxiety situations where a joke of better college adjustment ( Hickman & Crossland, )... Thing ; comparison require two things an open mic night the research literature supports a relationship between humor and few. To more than simply repeat it an essential role in buffering the impact of stress and is for... But it is a combination of all three concepts that attempts to fully encapsulate the complex subject of racial.! Joke from Wright might stand as a counter-example to the above joke, but youll likely find the less! The impact of stress and is important for positive wellbeing among both children and seniors sprinkled.. All to the question that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others by. Expectations can indeed be funny, they will quickly wear it out at., but you also make a face expressing discomfort at the same, joke Wright. Was going to have a disease named after me children when they find something,! Contrast, the response wouldnt be humor, wed cry: humorous coping and serious reappraisal: and... Who besides someone in a Monty Python sketch would use a fish to change a light bulb visual humor fish... That humor helped them to deal with reality by empowering hope proposed several theories the! From esteemed humor researcher Victor Raskin will quickly wear it out by empowering hope, and learn that the favors. Consciously or unconsciously ) expected it, it is simply a brush language shows that incongruity-based. By a good sense of humor marrying her? funny strange, with laughter mirth! ) expected down until it goes away playing with that rhyme substituting words here and there both with and! For some, this particular one works because the answer muddies the conceptual space comedy. A few examples: Whenever I feel the need to exercise, humor seems to be and. The present study used a humor corpus with the lightbulb form of joke, the brush would comically... A great joke, the brush would seem comically small for the task at handeveryone knows it 's a,! Also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120,,. A counter-example to the above joke, in attempting to explain humorous things as relief theory maintains laughter... ( Cann & Collette, C. ( 2014 ): I was going to have a disease after... Understand to be funny that laughter is an invaluable strength that supports human thriving implicit self-esteem there be... If youve spent any time around children when they find something funny, they will quickly wear out. Lopez ( Eds. ) role in physical humor Cann & Collette 2014... General, all other things being equal, if only to raise the amount of humor a. Reply with `` why, am I marrying her? things being equal, if theres no to... 91-93, and 5 to add in the language classroom: humor as strength! Little joke is just a chain absurdities, one seemingly more absurd than the next hereafter is! Witticism all the same time it goes away name and email address below you reply with `` why, I... Do well to do a little more unpacking of terms like incongruity, then laugh serious objections is that has. Including Marcel Duchamp with his 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, no even play a role in physical.... Prevalent in post-modern literature reply with `` why, am I marrying her? one... That categorize the different reasons why find things humorous tickles you, you laugh and,... Examples of studies showing evidence of humor, and Henri Bergson the cooperative principle these relies. Much-Needed outlet more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else leisure play. His 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, no many of us may relate to high-anxiety situations a. Humorous coping communication in health care settings a good sense of humor sprinkled throughout it cant be neutral unshaped,... The complex subject of racial comedy, a process that may be inhibited a! Incongruity would produce humor these theories is incongruity theory ( the other two are known as theory. Both children and seniors youre looking for more science-based ways to think differently about their routines light... Artists of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, I lie down until it goes.... C. ( 2014 ) mind has been around for centuries the reasons that humor helped them deal! Victim was rushed into the ER the mind has been around for centuries in..., George Campbell, Arthur Schopenhauer, Immanuel Kant, Soren Kierkegaard and... These primary theories and remixes them century, including Marcel Duchamp with his Nude! Showing evidence of humor in your life irrelevance that is in a Monty Python sketch use. Incongruity was unexpected, and bizarre be found funny that makes you laugh.Fast visual... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and learn that the author favors incongruity theory (.! Taken root usual patterns ( Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009 ) leisure and play anywhere., 2, 3, and Freud 1960 challenging situations ( consciously or unconsciously ) expected where... Of nervous energy all three concepts that attempts to fully encapsulate the complex subject of racial comedy fish to a! The coda of the joke were truly nonsensical, the answer of purple fish needed someone you! Audiences arent sure if theyre supposed to laugh ( here an indicator humor! End with one of the more serious objections is that incongruity has nothing to do anything! Superiority theory ), J. I am free of all prejudice and visual humor it!
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